Table 1.
Participants’ characteristics and study variables (N = 102).
| Characteristics | Exp. (n = 51) | Cont. (n = 51) | Total (n = 102) | x2 or t | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) or M ± SD | N (%) or M ± SD | N (%) | ||||
| Gender | Male | 9 (17.6) | 8 (15.7) | 17 (16.7) | 0.071 | 0.790 |
| Female | 42 (82.4) | 34 (83.3) | 85 (83.3) | |||
| Academic achievement |
High | 22 (43.1) | 21 (42.0) | 43 (42.6) | 0.823 | 0.663 |
| Moderate | 20 (39.2) | 23 (46.0) | 43 (42.6) | |||
| Low | 9 (17.6) | 6 (12.0) | 15 (14.9) | |||
| Peer relationship satisfaction | High | 6 (11.8) | 7 (13.7) | 13 (12.7) | 2.166 | 0.339 |
| Moderate | 34 (66.7) | 27 (52.9) | 61 (59.8) | |||
| Low | 11 (21.6) | 17 (33.3) | 28 (27.5) | |||
| Stress of college life |
High | 1 (2.0) | 2 (3.9) | 33 (42.6) | 0.869 | 0.648 |
| Moderate | 12 (24.0) | 9 (17.6) | 43 (42.6) | |||
| Low | 37 (74.0) | 40 (78.4) | 15 (14.9) | |||
| Learning attitude | 50.1 ± 5.5 | 55.0 ± 5.1 | 52.5 ± 5.6 | 4.62 | 0.001 | |
| Problem-solving ability | 149.1 ± 15.0 | 157.1 ± 4.8 | 152.7 ± 15.0 | 2.72 | 0.008 | |
| Empathetic ability | 41.4 ± 4.0 | 41.3 ± 4.1 | 41.2 ± 4.0 | −0.05 | 0.961 | |