Figure 4.

Cancer nanotherapeutics steps: (A) Nanoparticles with a protective layer loaded with chemotherapeutics of interest and decorated with target specific ligand. The drug loaded in the core of the nanoparticle can specifically recognize target cells using target-specific ligands. (B) Nanotherapeutics can reach primary and secondary tumors after entering the circulatory system and target specific tumor cells through the intravasation and extravasation processes. (C) Encapsulated chemotherapeutics are released after binding of tumor specific ligand and target cells surface receptors that causes cellular death. Reproduced from Ref. [34], (2022), with permission from Elsevier.