Table 4.
Inhibition by chlorophyll of MeIQx genotoxicity in Drosophila, pre-treatment.
| Doses | No. of Wings (N) | Small Single Spots (1–2 Cells) (m = 2) |
Large Single Spots (>2 Cells) (m = 5) |
Twin Spots (m = 5) |
Total mwh Spots (m = 2) a |
Total Spots (m = 2) | Frequency of Clone Formation per 105 Cells b | Percentage of Inhibition (↓) and Induction (↑) (%) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mwh/flr3 wings | No | Fr | D | No | Fr | D | No | Fr | D | No | Fr | D | No | Fr | D | |||
| % 0.5 DMSO | 80 | 23 | 0.29 | i | 3 | 0.04 | i | 0 | 0.00 | i | 26 | 0.33 | i | 26 | 0.33 | i | 1.54 | |
| 4.69 µM | 80 | 40 | 0.50 | i | 5 | 0.06 | i | 1 | 0.01 | i | 46 | 0.58 | + | 46 | 0.58 | + | 2.36 | |
| Chlorophyll a 0.5 | 80 | 31 | 0.39 | - | 1 | 0.01 | - | 0 | 0.00 | i | 32 | 0.40 | - | 32 | 0.40 | - | 1.63 | ↓31.03 |
| Chlorophyll a 1 | 80 | 24 | 0.30 | - | 4 | 0.05 | - | 0 | 0.00 | i | 28 | 0.35 | - | 28 | 0.35 | - | 1.43 | ↓39.66 |
| Chlorophyll b 0.5 | 80 | 24 | 0.30 | - | 3 | 0.04 | - | 0 | 0.00 | i | 27 | 0.34 | - | 27 | 0.34 | - | 1.38 | ↓41.38 |
| Chlorophyll b 1 | 80 | 17 | 0.21 | - | 1 | 0.01 | - | 1 | 0.01 | i | 19 | 0.24 | - | 19 | 0.24 | - | 0.97 | ↓58.62 |
| 9.38 µM | 80 | 42 | 0.53 | + | 6 | 0.08 | i | 0 | 0.00 | i | 48 | 0.60 | + | 48 | 0.60 | + | 2.46 | |
| Chlorophyll a 0.5 | 80 | 25 | 0.31 | - | 0 | 0.00 | - | 1 | 0.01 | i | 26 | 0.33 | - | 26 | 0.33 | - | 1.33 | ↓43.10 |
| Chlorophyll a 1 | 80 | 22 | 0.28 | - | 1 | 0.01 | - | 0 | 0.00 | i | 23 | 0.29 | - | 23 | 0.29 | - | 1.18 | ↓50 |
| Chlorophyll b 0.5 | 80 | 26 | 0.33 | - | 5 | 0.06 | - | 1 | 0.01 | i | 32 | 0.40 | - | 32 | 0.40 | - | 1.63 | ↓31.03 |
| Chlorophyll b 1 | 80 | 21 | 0.26 | - | 0 | 0.00 | - | 0 | 0.00 | i | 21 | 0.26 | - | 21 | 0.26 | - | 1.07 | ↓55.17 |
| 23.45 µM | 80 | 41 | 0.51 | i | 4 | 0.05 | i | 1 | 0.01 | i | 46 | 0.58 | + | 46 | 0.58 | + | 2.36 | |
| Chlorophyll a 0.5 | 80 | 24 | 0.30 | - | 1 | 0.01 | - | 0 | 0.00 | i | 25 | 0.31 | - | 25 | 0.31 | - | 1.28 | ↓46.55 |
| Chlorophyll a 1 | 80 | 24 | 0.30 | - | 1 | 0.01 | - | 0 | 0.00 | i | 25 | 0.31 | - | 25 | 0.31 | - | 1.28 | ↓46.55 |
| Chlorophyll b 0.5 | 80 | 28 | 0.35 | - | 1 | 0.01 | - | 2 | 0.02 | i | 31 | 0.39 | - | 31 | 0.39 | - | 1.58 | ↓32.76 |
| Chlorophyll b 1 | 80 | 33 | 0.41 | - | 1 | 0.01 | - | 1 | 0.01 | i | 35 | 0.44 | - | 35 | 0.44 | - | 1.79 | ↓24.14 |
No: number, Fr: frequency, D: statistical diagnosis according to Frei and Wurgler [20], +: positive, -: negative, i: inconclusive, m: multiplication factor, probability levels α = β = 0.05. a Considering mwh clones from single and twin spots. b Frequency of clone formation: mwh clones/wings/24,400 cells (without size correction) [23].