Figure 2.

Lineage manipulation of different sources of MSCs with biochemical stimulation using mediators, such as IGF, FGF, TGF-β, BMP, Loxl2, c-ABCs, and biomechanical stimulations, such as compressive, tensile, or shear loading, along with the necessary hydrostatic pressure results in the formation of the chondrocyte tissue complex. The chondrocyte complex is further subjected to environmental preconditioning using chemokines, such as IL-1, to sensitize them to the target milieu when delivered with or without supporting scaffold, resulting in the formation of the tissue-engineered articular cartilage. Created with BioRender.com (accessed on 20 December 2021).