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. 2022 Mar 30;14(4):752. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040752

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Calcein permeation profile. The bars/points represent the mean ± SD of at least three independent experiments (n = 3). (A) Amount of permeated calcein for porcine skin treated with calcein solution and calcein-loaded MNs of two different heights, at different time points. * p < 0.05 for 400 calcein-alginate/k-CRG MN vs. calcein solution at 6 h; *** p < 0.001 for 400 calcein-alginate/k-CRG MN vs. calcein solution at 8 h; ^$ p < 0.05 for 800 calcein-loaded alginate/k-CRG MN vs. 400 calcein-alginate/k-CRG at 8 h; * p < 0.05 for 400 calcein-alginate/k-CRG MN vs. calcein solution at 24 h. (B) Distribution of calcein among skin retained and non-permeated through the porcine skin after 24 h.