Table 1.
Potential biomarkers involved in neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s disease.
| Candidate Biomarker | Origin | Change | Correlated Parameters | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IL-1β | Serum | ↑PD | UPDRS-III, MMSE | [11] |
| Serum | ↑PD with IB | [63] | ||
| Serum | ↑PD | [64] | ||
| Serum | ≈PD | [66] | ||
| CSF | ↑PD with PRBD | [62] | ||
| CSF | ≈PD | [65] | ||
| IL-2 | Serum | ↑PD | MMSE | [11] |
| Serum | ↑PD | [73,74] | ||
| sIL-2-R | Serum | ↑PD | [75] | |
| IL-6 | Serum | ↑PD | UPDRS-III | [11,78] |
| Serum | ↑PD | [73,75,79,80,82,83] | ||
| Serum | ↑PD with IB | [63] | ||
| Serum | ↑PD | CGS, TUG | [84] | |
| Serum | ↑PD with depression | [85] | ||
| Serum | ↑PD mortality | [86] | ||
| Serum | ↓PD | [64] | ||
| Serum | ≈PD | [11,74,76,81] | ||
| CSF | ↑PD | [78,80] | ||
| IL-10 | Serum | ↑PD | [11,73,89] | |
| Serum | ≈PD | [66,90] | ||
| TNF-α | Serum | ↑PD, | UPDRS-III, MMSE | [11] |
| Serum | ↑PD, | [66,75,82] | ||
| Serum | ↑PD | [73] | ||
| Serum | ↑PD, | Body sway, Reaction time | [83] | |
| Serum | ≈PD with IB | [63] | ||
| CSF | ↑PD, | [94] | ||
| CSF | ↑PD with PRBD | [62] | ||
| sTNFR1 | Serum | ↑PD | MMSE, Programming task of FAB | [97] |
| RANTES | Serum | ↑PD | [82,100,101,102] | |
| Serum | ↑PD | H&Y, disease duration | [81] | |
| hsCRP | Serum | ↑PD | [106,107] | |
| Plasma | ↑PD | [105] | ||
| Serum | ≈PD | UPDRS-III, MMSE | [11] | |
| Serum | ≈PD | [75,108] |
↑: upregulation; ≈: no change; ↓: downregulation; CGS: Comfortable Gait Speed; FAB: Frontal Assessment Battery; hsCRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; H&Y: Hohn and Yahr Stage; IB: infectious burden; IL: interleukin; sIL-2R: soluble IL-2 receptor; MMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination; PD: Parkinson disease; PRBD: probable REM sleep behavior disorder; RANTES: Regulated Upon Activation, Normal T Cell Expressed And Presumably Secreted; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor α; sTNFR: soluble TNF receptor. TUG: timed up and go test; UPDRS-III: Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale-Part III.