Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of 93 study participants with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis according to clinical, renal Doppler ultrasonography and angiographic status.
| Variable | All Study Participants N = 93 |
MACCE-RRT (−) N = 47 |
MACCE-RRT (+) N = 46 |
p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic data | ||||
| Age, y, mean (SD) | 69.3 (7.2) | 70.2 (9.1) | 68.3 (8.2) | 0.136 |
| Female, n (%) | 47 (50.5) | 30 (63.8) | 17 (37) | 0.009 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 93 (100) | 47 (100) | 46 (100) | n/a |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg, mean (SD) | 159 (27.1) | 158.0 (24.1) | 159.8 (30.6) | 0.382 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg, mean (SD) | 83.5 (12.7) | 83.3 (12.2) | 84.2 (14.0) | 0.371 |
| Number of blood lowering medications, mean (SD) | 4.22 (1.26) | 4.40 (1.3) | 4.04 (1.17) | 0.097 |
| Previous hypertension crysis, n (%) | 36 (38.7) | 18 (38.3) | 18 (39.1) | 0.867 |
| Previous pulmonary flash oedema, n (%) | 9 (9.7) | 4 (8.5) | 5 (10.9) | 0.751 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 93 (100) | 47 (100) | 46 (100) | n/a |
| Insulin, n (%) | 29 (31.2) | 15 (31.9) | 14 (30.4) | 0.887 |
| Sulfonylurea, n (%) | 23 (24.7) | 13 (27.7) | 10 (21.7) | 0.768 |
| Metformin, n (%) | 37 (39.8) | 17 (36.2) | 20 (43.4) | 0.472 |
| GLP-1 receptor agonists, n (%) | 1 (1.1) | 1 (2.1) | 0 (0) | - |
| SGLT2 inhibitors, n (%) | 3 (3.2) | 1 (2.1) | 2 (4.3) | 0.545 |
| DPP4 inhibitors, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | - |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 7.25 (2.66) | 6.98 (2.93) | 7.57 (2.47) | 0.301 |
| HBA1c (%), mean (SD) | 7.12 (1.99) | 7.09 (1.93) | 7.14 (2.07) | 0.098 |
| Renal function before PTA procedure | ||||
| Documented renal function deterioration, n (%) | 22 (23.7) | 12 (25.5) | 10 (21.7) | 0.630 |
| Baseline serum creatinine level, µmol/L, mean (SD) | 135.5 (55.6) | 131.7 (46.5) | 141.3 (58.8) | 0.203 |
| stage 1 (eGFR > 90 mL/min/m2), n (%) | 6 (6.5) | 2 (4.3) | 4 (8.7) | - |
| stage 2 (eGFR: 60–89 mL/min/m2), n (%) | 18 (19.4) | 7 (14.9) | 11 (23.9) | - |
| stage 3A (eGFR: 45–59 mL/min/m2), n (%) | 18 (19.4) | 13 (27.7) | 5 (10.9) | 0.219 * |
| stage 3B (eGFR: 30–44 mL/min/m2) | 34 (36.6) | 18 (38.3) | 16 (34.8) | - |
| stage 4 (eGFR: 15–29 mL/min/m2), n (%) | 16 (17.2) | 7 (14.9) | 9 (19.6) | - |
| stage 5 (eGFR < 15 mL/min/m2), n (%) | 1 (1.1) | 0 (0) | 1 (2.2) | - |
| Smoking (past or current), n (%) | 55 (59.1) | 25 (53.2) | 30 (65.2) | 0.229 |
| Co-existing coronary artery disease (lesions >50%), n (%) | 70 (75.3) | 34 (72.3) | 36 (78.2) | 0.764 |
| Previous myocardial infarction, n (%) | 25 (26.9) | 14 (29.8) | 11 (23.9) | 0.766 |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction, %, mean (SD) | 56.5 (11.3) | 57 (11.3) | 56 (11.2) | 0.364 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 29.5 (4.5) | 29 (4.1) | 30.1 (4.1) | 0.249 |
| Previous ischemic stroke, n (%) | 16 (17.2) | 10 (21.3) | 6 (13) | 0.293 |
| Peripheral arterial disease, n (%) | 43 (46.2) | 19 (40.4) | 24 (52.2) | 0.256 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 93 (100) | 47 (100) | 46 (100) | n/a |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L, mean (SD) | 4.86 (1.36) | 4.43 (1.13) | 5.21 (1.44) | 0.329 |
| LDL-C, mmol/L, mean (SD) | 2.77 (1.18) | 2.50 (0.96) | 3.02 (1.32) | 0.184 |
| HDL-C, mmol/L, mean (SD) | 1.23 (0.35) | 1.23 (0.33) | 1.23 (0.39) | 0.473 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L, mean (SD) | 2.22 (1.95) | 2.33 (2.48) | 2.11 (1.21) | 0.498 |
| Hs-CRP, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 5.1 (5.43) | 3.81 (3.07) | 6.49 (7.05) | 0.375 |
| Selected procedural data during PTA for ARAS | ||||
| Renal artery lumen stenosis, %, mean (SD) | 78.4 (13.5) | 79.5 (13.8) | 77.2 (13.2) | 0.197 |
| PTA of unilateral ARAS, %, mean (SD) | 72 (77.4) | 40 (85.1) | 32 (69.6) | |
| PTA of bilateral ARAS, %, mean (SD) | 17 (18.3) | 7 (14.9) | 10 (21.7) | 0.073 ** |
| PTA of single functional kidney, %, mean (SD) | 4 (4.3) | 0 (0) | 4 (8.7) | |
| Stent implantation (per patient), %, mean (SD) | 93 (100) | 47 (100) | 46 (100) | n/a |
| Stent diameter, mm, mean (SD) | 5.65 (0.93) | 5.67 (0.82) | 5.72 (0.96) | 0.483 |
| Stent length, mm, mean (SD) | 16.3 (5.7) | 15.8 (4.9) | 17.4 (6.9) | 0.215 |
| Renal doppler ultrasonography parameters before PTA | ||||
| PSV in index renal artery, m/s, mean (SD) | 3.73 (1.1) | 3.63 (1.22) | 3.83 (0.94) | 0.086 |
| EDV in index renal artery, m/s, mean (SD) | 0.93 (0.4) | 0.83 (0.33) | 1.02 (0.44) | 0.467 |
| Renal-aortic-ratio for index renal artery, mean (SD) | 4.5 (1.54) | 4.0 (1.22) | 5.0 (1.68) | 0.054 |
| Resistive index in the index renal artery, mean (SD) | 0.75 (0.05) | 0.76 (0.05) | 0.75 (0.05) | 0.229 |
| Intrarenal resistive index in the index kidney, mean (SD) | 0.66 (0.09) | 0.67 (0.08) | 0.65 (0.09) | 0.498 |
| Index kidney length (mm), mean (SD) | 100.4(11.2) | 100.3 (9.2) | 100.5 (13) | 0.460 |
| Contralateral kidney length (mm), mean (SD) | 103.5(18.9) | 106.8(17.2) | 100.3 (20.1) | 0.063 |
ARAS: atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis; DPP4: dipeptidyl peptidase 4; EDV: end diastolic velocity; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide-1; HDL-C: high density lipoprotein cholesterol; hs-CRP: high sensitivity C-Reactive Protein; LDL-C: low density lipoprotein cholesterol; PTA: percutaneous transluminal angioplasty; PSV: peak systolic velocity; SD: standard deviation; SGLT2 inhibitor: sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor. * p-value between renal stage below 45 mL/min/m2 vs. 45 mL/min/m2 and higher. ** p-value for unilateral ARAS vs. bilateral and single functional kidney.