Table 3.
Characteristics of study population according to the combination of metabolic health risk and obesity status in KoGES at baseline.
| MHN | MUN | MHO | MUO | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | 2937 (39.0) | 1356 (18.0) | 1579 (21.0) | 1658 (22.0) | - |
| Lifestyle and socio-economic factors | |||||
| Age, years | 50.3 ± 0.2 | 54.9 ± 0.2 | 49.6 ± 0.2 | 53.6 ± 0.2 | <0.001 |
| Male, n (%) | 1382 (47.1) | 737 (54.4) | 670 (42.4) | 769 (46.4) | <0.001 |
| Residential area, % Urban Rural |
48.1 51.9 |
58.0 42.0 |
44.0 56.1 |
54.0 46.0 |
<0.001 |
| Education level, % ≤Elementary school graduate Middle school graduate High school graduate ≥University graduate |
27.0 24.2 36.1 12.7 |
38.5 21.4 25.6 14.5 |
27.6 24.9 33.7 13.8 |
40.0 20.7 25.3 14.0 |
<0.001 |
| Household income level, % Low (<₩2,000,000) High (≥₩2,000,000) |
61.5 38.5 |
69.0 31.0 |
58.3 41.7 |
66.0 34.0 |
<0.001 |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 767 (26.4) | 374 (27.9) | 345 (22.2) | 335 (20.5) | <0.001 |
| Current drinker, n (%) | 1407 (48.3) | 666 (49.6) | 737 (47.2) | 768 (46.7) | 0.371 |
| Metabolic equivalent of task | 9749 ± 119 | 10456 ± 186 | 9301 ± 154 | 9848 ± 158 | <0.001 |
| Metabolic health risks and obesity status | |||||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 22.34 ± 0.03 | 22.79 ± 0.05 | 27.15 ± 0.05 | 27.65 ± 0.05 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | - | 265 (19.5) | - | 311 (18.8) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | - | 1001 (73.8) | - | 1310 (79.0) | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | - | 355 (26.2) | - | 432 (26.1) | <0.001 |
| Number of metabolic health risks | - | 1.20 ± 0.01 | - | 1.24 ± 0.01 | <0.001 |
Values are presented as mean ± standard error for continuous variables or number of counts and percentage for categorical variables. p-values are from one-way analysis of variance for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables assessing the difference according to the metabolic health risk and obesity status. BMI: body mass index; KoGES: Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study; MHN: metabolically healthy non-obese (BMI < 25 kg/m2 & 0 metabolic health risk); MHO: metabolically healthy and obese (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 & 0 metabolic health risk); MUN: metabolically unhealthy non-obese (BMI < 25 kg/m2 & 1–3 metabolic health risks); MUO: metabolically unhealthy obese (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 & 1–3 metabolic health risks); n: Number.