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. 2022 Apr 11;23(8):4243. doi: 10.3390/ijms23084243

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Effects of peroxynitrite in brain I/R. (A) In brain I/R, peroxynitrite produced during the reperfusion stage facilitates the recruitment of Drp1 via nitration to initiate PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy, which may contribute to brain I/R injury [48]. (B) Another model of brain I/R is cerebral ischemia with delayed t-PA treatment, which facilitates the production of peroxynitrite. HMGB1 is activated by peroxynitrite and then upregulates the expression of MMP9 via TLR2, resulting in BBB disruption and HT [64,65]. HMGB1, high mobility group box 1 protein; TLR2, toll-like receptor 2; MMP 9, matrix metalloproteinase 9; TJ, tight junction; HT, hemorrhagic transformation; Drp1, dynamin-related protein 1; PINK, PTEN-induced kinase; BBB, blood brain barrier. Reproduced with permission from Translational Stroke Research, 2020, 11, 967–982. Copyright © 2022, Springer Science Bussiness Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.