Table 1. Median (interquartile range, IQR) mg sugar excretions with fiber 16.25g/day (median of 2 studies) vs. fiber 32.5g/day; note sequence of studies was randomized (double-blind).

Reproduced with permission from ref. 23, Khoshbin et al Gastroenterology 2021

Saccharide (dose used)	Timed urine collection	Median (IQR) mg or ratio avg. of 2 studies with 16.25g fiber/day	Median (IQR) mg or ratio with 32.5g fiber/day
13C-mannitol 100mg	0–2 h	15.25 (12.0, 20.5)	13.0 (10.0,18.0)
	2–8 h	13.22 (9.62, 17.25)	15.0 (8.7, 20.5)
	8–24 h	1.8 (1.15, 2.82)	2.35 (1.5, 3.6)
	0–24 h	32.05 (25.55, 37.57)	31.25 (25.75, 39.9)
Rhamnose 200mg	0–2 h	11.48 (9.40, 14.85)	10.55 (7.54, 14.05)
	2–8 h	10.85 (8.06, 15.15)	12.55 (7.275, 16.9)
	8–24 h	3.12 (1.75, 4.56)	2.19 (1.50, 3.64)
	0–24 h	26.04 (21.43, 33.15)	26.14 (20.05, 34.33)
Lactulose 1000mg	0–2 h	1.2 (0.9, 1.95)	1.10 (0.7, 1.65)
	2–8 h	1.575 (1.17, 2.40)	1.75 (1.3, 2.8)
	8–24 h	0.29 (0.29, 0.30)	0.29 (0.29, 1.0)
	0–24 h	3.42 (2.49, 4.69)	4.04 (3.09, 5.345)
Sucralose 1000mg	0–2 h	6.895 (4.91, 10.38)	6.655 (4.59, 9.765)
	2–8 h	9.92 (7.52, 12.77)	10.85 (8.25, 15.15)
	8–24 h	4.75 (3.28, 6.72)	5.445 (3.69, 7.88)
	0–24 h	22.26 (17.96, 29.98)	24.31 (20.17, 30.51)
%L/RR	0–2 h	0.021 (0.016,0.028)	0.021 (0.016, 0.028)
%L/RR	8–24 h	0.027 (0.018,0.035)	0.044 (0.031,0.064)
%L/13CMR	0–2 h	0.008 (0.006,0.010)	0.008 (0.006,0.011)
%L/13CMR	8–24 h	0.02 (0.015,0.033)	0.023 (0.014,0.034)
%S/RR	0–2 h	0.122 (0.103, 0.147)	0.123 (0.101, 0.142)
%S/RR	8–24 h	0.352 (0.245,0.445)	0.404 (0.318, 0.619)
%S/13CMR	0–2 h	0.047 (0.040,0.056)	0.047 (0.037, 0.052)
%S/13CMR	8–24 h	0.295 (0.199, 0.388)	0.212 (0.144, 0.342)

L=lactulose; ^13CM=¹³C-mannitol; R=rhamnose; S=sucralose; L/RR=lactulose to rhamnose ratio; L/^13CMR=lactulose to ¹³C-mannitol ratio; S/RR=sucralose to rhamnose ratio; S/^13CMR=sucralose to ¹³C-mannitol ratio