Table 6.

The utility of telomerase activity, Ki-67, CD34, GDF15, miRNA in ULMS and ULM differentiation.

Name of the Marker, Receptor	Sample Source	Study	Year of the Study	Researched Group	Main Findings
Telomerase activity	Tissue	Tsujimura, et al. [115]	2002	62 (including 6 ULMS, 53 ULM)	The telomerase activity is significantly higher in uterine sarcoma than in ULM. The tissue should be observed histopathologically to determine whether necrotic tissue is present, cause then telomerase may be negative
Ki-67, CD34	Tissue	Yoshida et al. [114]	2009	475 (including 8 ULMS)	Ki-67 and CD34 were used as one of the markers in their scoring scale. Ki-67 was performed in all patients and CD34 expression was added if coagulative tumor cell necrosis was observed. All ULMS samples had Ki-67 labeling index was 15% or more.
GDF-15	Blood	Trovik, et al. [59]	2014	109 (including 13 ULMS, 50 ULM)	The median circulating GDF-15 concentration was elevated in the uterine sarcoma group and was (943 ng/L) in contrast to the myoma uteri group, where it was (647 ng/L). Its level was significantly higher in patients with metastatic disease, with large tumor diameter, and with leiomyosarcomas as compared with other histological types.
miRNA	Blood	Yokoi et al. [117]	2019	29 patients (including 6 ULMS and 18 ULM)	7 types of miRNAs (miR-4430, miR-6511b-5p, miR-451a, miR-448 5-5p, miR-4635, miR-1246 and miR-191-5p) were selected as potential markers for the diagnosis of leiomyosarcoma. Optimal prediction model (miR-191-5p and miR-1246) was proposed, and its detection of accuracy is similar to that of MRI