Table 1.

Summary of the methods used by included protocols in assessing the extent of BBB disruption.

In Vivo Subject	Study and Year Published	Assessments of BBB Disruption and Opening
		MRI	Tracer Molecules						Quantified Therapeutic Uptake
			EB	TB	Fl	FD	HRP	Antibodies
Mouse	Baghirov et al., 2018 [38]	X							X (Polymeric nanoparticles)
	Baseri et al., 2010 [73]	X				X
	Bing et al., 2009 [39]	X
	Chen et al., 2013 [74]					X
	Chen et al., 2014 [67]					X
	Choi et al., 2010 [75]					X
	Choi et al., 2011 [76]					X
	Choi et al., 2011 [60]	X				X
	Choi et al., 2008 [77]	X
	Choi et al., 2010 [68]					X
	Englander et al., 2021 [78]	X	X						X (Etoposide)
	Jordao et al., 2013 [61]	X						X (Anti-endogenous IgG and IgM)
	Kinoshita et al., 2006 [31]	X		X					X (Herceptin)
	Kinoshita et al., 2006 [62]	X		X				X (Anti-D4 IgG)
	Lapin et al., 2020 [79]	X
	Liu et al., 2014 [80]	X	X						X (Temozolomide)
	McDannold et al., 2017 [81]	X
	McMahon et al., 2020 [59]	X				X		X (Anti-albumin IgG)
	Morse et al., 2022 [82]								X (Fluorescently labelled, unloaded liposomes)
	Morse et al., 2019 [83]					X		X (Anti-albumin IgG)
	Olumolade et al., 2016 [84]	X
	Omata et al., 2019 [85]		X			X
	Raymond et al., 2007 [86]		X			X
	Raymond et al., 2008 [87]	X	X	X				X (Anti-amyloid + anti-endogenous IgG)
	Samiotaki et al., 2012 [66]	X
	Shen et al., 2016 [69]		X						X (Fluorescently labelled, unloaded liposomes)
	Sierra et al., 2017 [88]	X			X
	Vlachos et al., 2011 [72]	X
	Wu et al., 2014 [89]								X (Liposomal doxorubicin)
	Zhang, D. et al., 2020 [43]			X					X (Paclitaxel—free and protein-bound)
	Zhao, B. et al., 2018 [40]		X
Rat	Ali et al., 2018 [90]	X	X						X (Doxorubicin)
	Aryal et al., 2017 [15]	X		X
	Aryal et al., 2015 [91]	X		X					X (Doxorubicin)
	Aryal et al., 2015 [70]	X		X					X (Doxorubicin)
	Aslund et al., 2017 [92]	X							X (Pegylated macromolecule)
	Cho et al., 2016 [14]	X	X
	Chopra et al., 2010 [93]	X
	Fan et al., 2016 [64]	X							X (SPIO-labelled, doxorubicin-loaded microbubbles)
	Fan et al., 2014 [45]		X						X (Carmustine loaded microbubbles)
	Fan et al., 2015 [94]		X						X (Carmustine loaded microbubbles)
	Goutal et al., 2018 [95]	X	X
	Han et al., 2021 [96]	X
	Huh et al., 2020 [97]	X
	Jung et al., 2019 [98]	X	X						X (Doxorubicin)
	Kobus et al., 2016 [99]	X
	Kovacs et al., 2017 [27]	X						X (Anti-albumin IgG)
	Kovacs et al., 2018 [100]	X
	Liu et al., 2009 [65]	X	X
	Liu et al., 2010 [101]	X	X						X (Carmustine)
	Liu et al., 2010 [102]		X
	Liu et al., 2008 [32]	X	X
	Liu et al., 2010 [103]	X
	Marty et al., 2012 [58]	X
	McDannold et al., 2019 [48]	X							X (Carboplatin)
	McDannold et al., 2020 [49]	X							X (Irinotecan and SN-38)
	McDannold et al., 2011 [104]	X		X
	Mcmahon et al., 2017 [26]	X
	Mcmahon et al., 2020 [105]	X	X
	Mcmahon et al., 2020 [106]	X
	O’Reilly et al., 2017 [107]	X
	O’Reilly et al., 2011 [108]	X
	Park et al., 2017 [109]	X		X					X (Doxorubicin)
	Park et al., 2012 [71]	X		X					X (Doxorubicin)
	Shin et al., 2018 [19]		X
	Song et al., 2017 [110]		X
	Treat et al., 2007 [63]	X	X						X (Doxorubicin)
	Tsai et al., 2018 [33]		X
	Wei et al., 2013 [111]	X	X						X (Temozolomide)
	Wu et al., 2017 [112]	X	X
	Yang et al., 2013 [113]	X	X
	Yang et al., 2014 [114]	X	X
	Yang et al., 2012 [34]	X	X
	Yang et al., 2011 [115]	X	X
	Yang et al., 2012 [116]	X	X
	Zhang, Y. et al., 2016 [117]	X
Rabbit	Beccaria et al., 2013 [20]	X	X
	Chopra et al., 2010 [93]	X
	Hynyen et al., 2005 [28]	X					X
	Hynyen et al., 2006 [30]	X					X
	McDannold et al., 2006 [118]	X
	McDannold et al., 2007 [25]	X
	McDannold et al., 2008 [119]	X
	McDannold et al., 2008 [120]	X
	Mei et al., 2009 [121]	X	X						X (Methotrexate)
	Wang et al., 2009 [122]	X	X
Dog	O’Reilly et al., 2017 [123]	X
Pig	Liu et al., 2011 [23]	X	X						X (SPIO nanoparticles)
Sheep	Pelekanos et al., 2018 [29]		X					X (Anti-endogenous IgG)
	Yoon et al., 2019 [124]	X
Non-Human Primate (NHP)	Arvantis et al., 2012 [50]	X
	Downs et al., 2015 [21,22]	X
	Goldwirt et al., 2016 [44]	X							X (Carboplatin)
	Horodyckid et al., 2017 [56]	X
	Marquet et al., 2014 [125]	X
	Marquet et al., 2011 [24]	X
	McDannold et al., 2012 [126]	X		X
	Pouliopoulos et al., 2019 [57]	X
	Wu et al., 2016 [127]	X
Human	Abrahao et al., 2019 [8]	X
	Anastasiadis et al., 2021 [51]	X			X
	Chen et al., 2021 [54]	X
	Gasca-Salas et al., 2021 [52]	X
	Idbaidh et al., 2019 [9]	X
	Lipsman et al., 2018 [10]	X
	Mainprize et al., 2019 [11]	X							X (Liposomal doxorubicin and temozolomide)
	Park et al., 2020 [53]	X

EB: Evans blue; TB: trypan blue; FL: fluorescein; FD: fluorescently labelled dextrans; HRP: horseradish peroxidase.