Table 3.
Associations between IHD and physical exposures.
| NZWS | Māori NZWS | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Males | Females | Males | Females | |||||||||
| Total | IHD | HR (95% CI)a | Total | IHD | HR (95% CI)a | Total | IHD | HR (95% CI)a | Total | IHD | HR (95% CI)a | |
| 1350 | 99 | 1524 | 36 | 852 | 51 | 1083 | 42 | |||||
| Awkward or tiring positions | ||||||||||||
| No exposure | 345 | 24 | Ref 1.00 | 411 | 9 | Ref 1.00 | 159 | 18 | Ref 1.00 | 291 | 12 | Ref 1.00 |
| Low | 582 | 39 | 1.1 (0.7–1.8) | 606 | 12 | 0.9 (0.4–2.2) | 345 | 18 | 0.5 (0.2–1.0)* | 393 | 12 | 1.2 (0.5–2.7) |
| High (≥37.5% of the time) | 417 | 36 | 1.5 (0.9–2.5) | 498 | 18 | 1.9 (0.9–4.3) | 342 | 18 | 0.5 (0.3–1.0) | 387 | 18 | 1.5 (0.7–3.3) |
| Awkward grip/hand movements | ||||||||||||
| No exposure | 543 | 39 | Ref 1.00 | 759 | 12 | Ref 1.00 | 258 | 21 | Ref 1.00 | 474 | 18 | Ref 1.00 |
| Low | 462 | 27 | 1.0 (0.6–1.7) | 420 | 9 | 1.3 (0.6–3.1) | 279 | 12 | 0.5 (0.3–1.0) | 297 | 12 | 1.1 (0.5–2.2) |
| High (≥12.5% of the time) | 339 | 33 | 1.8 (1.1–2.8)* | 339 | 15 | 2.4 (1.1–5.0)* | 309 | 15 | 0.6 (0.3–1.2) | 297 | 9 | 1.0 (0.5–2.1) |
| Repetitive tasks | ||||||||||||
| No exposure | 306 | 24 | Ref 1.00 | 300 | S | Ref 1.00 | 123 | 6 | Ref 1.00 | 153 | 6 | Ref 1.00 |
| Low | 735 | 45 | 0.9 (0.6–1.6) | 831 | 18 | 2.1 (0.7–6.3) | 426 | 27 | 1.5 (0.6–3.7) | 504 | 18 | 0.9 (0.4–2.2) |
| High (≥75% of the time) | 300 | 30 | 1.5 (0.9–2.7) | 384 | 12 | 3.4 (1.1–10.4)* | 297 | 18 | 1.7 (0.7–4.4) | 408 | 15 | 1.0 (0.4–2.5) |
| Working at very high speed | ||||||||||||
| No exposure | 552 | 45 | Ref 1.00 | 549 | 12 | Ref 1.00 | 264 | 21 | Ref 1.00 | 369 | 18 | Ref 1.00 |
| Low | 495 | 30 | 0.9 (0.6–1.5) | 549 | 6 | 0.7 (0.3–1.9) | 315 | 18 | 0.8 (0.4–1.6) | 348 | 9 | 0.8 (0.4–1.7) |
| High (≥50% of the time) | 294 | 24 | 1.2 (0.7–2.0) | 417 | 18 | 2.6 (1.2–5.5)* | 270 | 12 | 0.7 (0.4–1.5) | 357 | 9 | 0.7 (0.3–1.6) |
| Working to tight deadlines | ||||||||||||
| No exposure | 201 | 21 | Ref 1.00 | 303 | 9 | Ref 1.00 | 111 | 15 | Ref 1.00 | 180 | 12 | Ref 1.00 |
| Low | 753 | 51 | 0.8 (0.5–1.4) | 813 | 21 | 0.9 (0.4–2.0) | 417 | 21 | 0.6 (0.3–1.1) | 537 | 15 | 0.6 (0.3–1.3) |
| High (≥75% of the time) | 387 | 27 | 1.0 (0.6–1.8) | 405 | 9 | 0.8 (0.3–2.2) | 324 | 15 | 0.5 (0.3–1.0) | 354 | 12 | 0.6 (0.3–1.5) |
| Standing | ||||||||||||
| No exposure | 705 | 51 | Ref 1.00 | 891 | 24 | Ref 1.00 | 417 | 30 | Ref 1.00 | 615 | 24 | Ref 1.00 |
| Low | 390 | 27 | 0.9 (0.6–1.4) | 630 | 12 | 0.6 (0.3–1.2) | 276 | 12 | 0.7 (0.4–1.4) | 258 | 9 | 0.7 (0.3–1.7) |
| High (12.5% of the time) | 249 | 18 | 1.0 (0.6–1.6) | 153 | 9 | 0.9 (0.4–2.0) | 198 | 9 | 1.3 (0.6–2.8) | |||
| Sitting | ||||||||||||
| No exposure | 288 | 27 | Ref 1.00 | 354 | 9 | Ref 1.00 | 225 | 18 | Ref 1.00 | 285 | 18 | Ref 1.00 |
| Low | 645 | 48 | 0.8 (0.5–1.3) | 600 | 12 | 1.0 (0.4–2.5) | 399 | 21 | 0.7 (0.4–1.4) | 447 | 15 | 0.5 (0.3–1.0) |
| High (≥50% of the time) | 414 | 24 | 0.7 (0.4–1.3) | 567 | 18 | 2.0 (0.9–4.7) | 222 | 15 | 0.9 (0.4–1.9) | 339 | 6 | 0.3 (0.1–0.8)* |
| Lifting | ||||||||||||
| No exposure | 444 | 33 | Ref 1.00 | 639 | 15 | Ref 1.00 | 198 | 15 | Ref 1.00 | 396 | 15 | Ref 1.00 |
| Low | 582 | 39 | 1.0 (0.6–1.6) | 618 | 12 | 0.7 (0.3–1.6) | 312 | 18 | 0.8 (0.4–1.6) | 363 | 12 | 1.0 (0.5–2.1) |
| High (≥37.5% of the time) | 321 | 27 | 1.3 (0.8–2.2) | 267 | 9 | 1.5 (0.7–3.4) | 339 | 18 | 0.8 (0.4–1.5) | 312 | 12 | 1.3 (0.6–2.7) |
| Tools that vibrate | ||||||||||||
| No exposure | 915 | 63 | Ref 1.00 | 1359 | 33 | Ref 1.00 | 438 | 33 | Ref 1.00 | 894 | 30 | Ref 1.00 |
| Low | 279 | 27 | 1.4 (0.9–2.2) | 159 | S | S | 225 | 9 | 0.6 (0.3–1.2) | 177 | 9 | 2.1 (1.0–4.4)* |
| High (≥12.5% of the time) | 147 | 9 | 1.2 (0.6–2.4) | 183 | 12 | 1.0 (0.5–2.0) | ||||||
| Loud noise | ||||||||||||
| No exposure | 585 | 42 | Ref 1.00 | 1077 | 27 | Ref 1.00 | 264 | 24 | Ref 1.00 | 606 | 18 | Ref 1.00 |
| Low | 378 | 30 | 1.1 (0.7–1.8) | 441 | 12 | 1.4 (0.7–2.7) | 234 | 9 | 0.4 (0.2–0.9)* | 240 | 9 | 1.6 (0.8–3.6) |
| High (≥37.5% of the time) | 387 | 27 | 1.2 (0.7–1.9) | 345 | 18 | 0.7 (0.4–1.3) | 225 | 12 | 2.3 (1.1–4.8)* | |||
| Combined exposures: high-frequency exposure to awkward grip or hand movements, repetitive tasks, working at very high speed and loud noise. | ||||||||||||
| 0 | 612 | 42 | Ref 1.00 | 714 | 9 | Ref 1.00 | 258 | 21 | Ref 1.00 | 408 | 18 | Ref 1.00 |
| 1 | 360 | 24 | 1.1 (0.7–1.8) | 465 | 12 | 2.2 (0.9–5.2) | 231 | 12 | 0.7 (0.3–1.5) | 297 | 9 | 0.7 (0.3–1.6) |
| 2 | 219 | 15 | 1.3 (0.7–2.3) | 213 | 9 | 4.6 (1.9–11.1)** | 165 | 6 | 0.6 (0.2–1.5) | 189 | 6 | 0.8 (0.3–1.9) |
| 3 | 117 | 6 | 1.1 (0.5–2.4) | 96 | S | S | 117 | 12 | 1.8 (0.9–3.9) | 114 | S | S |
| 4 | 42 | 9 | 3.7 (1.8–7.7)** | 36 | S | S | 78 | S | S | 66 | S | S |
Following IDI protocols, frequencies have been rounded to the nearest multiple of three and percentages calculated from those rounded counts. The hazard ratios and associated 95% confidence intervals are presented in their raw form and were calculated using the unrounded counts. (S = suppressed).
aAdjusted for age group, high deprivation, and smoking status.
* P < 0.05; **P < 0.01.