Table 2.
Main post-translational modifications of histones and targeted residues. Effects on gene expression are reported. Adapted from Lachat et al. (2018) [69].
| Modified Histone Residue | Type of Post-Translational Modification | Target Amino Acid | Effect on Gene Expression |
|---|---|---|---|
| H2AS1 | Phosphorylation | Serine, threonine, tyrosine | Modulation of DNA compaction and interaction with other histone post-translational modifications |
| H2AS139 | |||
| H2BS14 | |||
| H3T3 | |||
| H3T6 | |||
| H3S10 | |||
| H3T11 | |||
| H3S28 | |||
| H4S1 | |||
| H2AK119 | Ubiquitination | Lysine | Regulation of transcription initiation and elongation |
| H2BK120 | |||
| H2AK5 | Acetylation | Lysine | Decrease in histone/DNA interaction, chromatin is structurally loose, less compact and transcription is activated |
| H2BK5 | |||
| H2BK12 | |||
| H2BK15 | |||
| H2BK20 | |||
| H3K4 | |||
| H3K9 | |||
| H3K14 | |||
| H3K18 | |||
| H3K27 | |||
| H4K5 | |||
| H4K8 | |||
| H4K12 | |||
| H4K16 | |||
| H2BK5me1 | Methylation | Lysine and arginine | Transcription is activated |
| H3K4me1 | |||
| H3K4me2 | |||
| H3K4me3 | |||
| H3K9me1 | |||
| H3K27me1 | |||
| H3K36me3 | |||
| H3K79me1 | |||
| H4K20me1 | |||
| H3K9me2 | Methylation | Lysine | Transcription is inhibited |
| H3K9me3 | |||
| H3K27me3 | |||
| H3K79me3 | |||
| H3K18 | SUMOylation | Lysine | Competition with other lysine modifications. Decrease and stop of transcription |
| H4K12 |