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Two histopathological hallmarks in PD in the nigrostriatal DA. Fibrillar oligomers of α-Syn produced by misfolding are presumed to be neurotoxic and to cause DA cell death. Neuromelanin (NM) is also related to neurodegeneration and DA cell death, because NM attenuates the oxidative stress for neuroprotection. α-Syn, α-synuclein; NM, neuromelanin; TH, tyrosine hydroxylase; AADC, aromatic amino acid decarboxylase; ROS, reactive oxygen species.
