Table 2.

Different targeted/theranostic approaches of nanomedicine for CVRDs.

Diseases/CVRDs	Drug/Nanocarrier	Targeted Areas	Treatment Time	Tested Doses and Route of Administration	Inferences	Ref.
Atherosclerosis	Andrographolide/PEG-poly(propylene sulphide) micelles	NF-κB signaling pathway	30 days	45 μg/g micelle, 2 μg/g; andro i.v.	Increased delivery efficiency.	[55]
Atherosclerosis	Prednisolone/Liposomes	Atherosclerotic macrophages	10 days	1.5 mg/kg; i.v.	No anti-inflammatory effect seen.	[56]
Atherosclerosis	IL-10/Arginylglycyl aspartic acid conjugated pluronic-based nanocarriers	Atherosclerotic plaques	1–3 weeks	1.05 mg of NC with 5 μg IL10; i.v.	Could inhibit the progression of atherosclerotic plaques.	[57]
Atherosclerosis	Fumagillin/Paramagnetic nanoparticles	Endothelial αvβ3 integrin	2–4 h	1.0 mL/kg; i.v.	Quantification and inhibition of angiogenesis.	[58]
Atherosclerosis	PLGA nanoparticles	plaque-targeted peptides PP1 and cRGD	6 h	-	Diagnosis and therapy of advanced atherosclerotic plaques.	[59]
Hyperlipidemia	Simvastatin/chitosan NPs	HMG-CoA reductase enzyme	16 weeks	10 mg/kg; Oral	Increased hypolipidemic effect.	[60]
Hyperlipidemia	Lovastatin/Hyaluronic acid-reconstituted high-density lipoprotein	Atherosclerotic lesions	8 weeks	2 mg/kg; i.v	Greater atheroprotective efficacy.	[61]
Hyperlipidemia	N-hexanoylsphingosine or 17-β-estradiol/Nanoemulsions	MAPK enzyme	24 h	-	Greater anti-proliferative activity.	[62]
Hyperlipidemia	Copper/Zinc superoxide dismutase/Poly-L-lysine (PLL50)-polyethylene glycol block co-polymer	Central nerves	9 days	130–150 U CuZnSOD activity; ICV injection	Stabilized angiotensin-II-dependent hypertension.	[63]
Hyperlipidemia	Human vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP-α)/Liposomes	Cognate receptors of vascular smooth cells	6 h	0.5 mL; i.v	Potent vasodilation and lowers systemic arterial pressure.	[64]
Hyperlipidemia	Isradipine/Invasomes	L-type calcium channels of vascular smooth muscle and myocardium	24 h	Transdermal flux	Improved the antihypertensive activity.	[65]
Pulmonary arterial hypertension	Fasudil/Liposomes	Rho-kinase receptors	4 weeks	3 mg/kg; intratracheal	Prolonged vasodilatory effect for three hours.	[66]
Pulmonary arterial hypertension	Imatinib/Polylactide-glycolide nanoparticles-fluorescein isothiocyanate	Platelet–derived growth factor receptors	3 weeks	1 mg/kg; intratracheal instillation	Sustained antiproliferative effects.	[67]
Stroke	rtPA/Polysaccharide-poly(isobutylcyanoacrylate)-fucoidan nanoparticles	P-selectin	30 min	2.5 mg/kg; i.v.	Thrombus density reduced to one-third of its original sizes.	[68]
Stroke	Urokinase anti-fibrin monoclonal antibodies/ Perfluorocarbon nanoparticles	Fibrin clot	2 h	2 mL/kg; i.v.	Alternative to reconstituted-Tissue plasminogen activator.	[69]

PEG: Poly(ethylene glycol); IL-10: Interleukin-10; MAPK: Mitogen-activated-protein-kinase; rtPA: Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator.