Table 1.

Role of commensal-derived metabolites in mouse models of infections and chronic lung disease.

Metabolite	Disease Model	Immunomodulatory Effect	References
DAT	IAV	type I IFN signaling ↑ antiviral phagocyte response ↑	[79]
acetate	RSV	lung epithelial IFN-β ↑ antiviral activity ↑	[83]
acetate	IAV + S. pneumoniae	AM effector functions ↑ S. pneumoniae host defense following IAV infection ↑	[65]
acetate	S. pneumoniae	AM IL-1β and nitric oxide ↑ AM bactericidal activity ↑	[161]
acetate	K. pneumoniae	macrophage and neutrophil phagocytosis ↑ bacterial burden / lung inflammation ↓	[158]
butyrate	IAV	virus-specific CD8+ T cell response ↑ Ly6C- monocyte hematopoiesis and differentiation to alternatively activated lung macrophages ↑ neutrophil response ↓	[117]
butyrate	heat exposure + IAV	lung IL-1β ↑ restores virus-specific CD8+ T cell and antibody responses upon heat exposure	[156]
butyrate	K. pneumoniae	HDAC ↓ IL-10 ↑ lung inflammation and pathology ↓	[157]
acetate	HDM	HDAC ↓ FoxP3 promoter acetylation and regulatory T cell function ↑ allergic airway disease ↓	[100]
butyrate acetate propionate	vancomycin + OVA, papain	lung DC migration to mLN ↓ antibiotic-induced exacerbated allergic response ↓	[76]
butyrate	OVA	eosinophil apoptosis ↑ lung eosinophil recruitment ↓ lung inflammation / eosinophilia ↓	[98]
propionate	HDM	DC precursor hematopoiesis ↑ seeding of lung with DCs exhibiting low Th2 polarization capacity ↑ allergic lung inflammation ↓	[78]
butyrate	IL-33	lung ILC2 function ↓ airway hyperreactivity ↓	[86]

Abbreviations: DAT, desaminotyrosine; IAV, influenza A virus; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus; HDAC, histone deacetylase; HDM, house dust mite; OVA, ovalbumin; DC, dendritic cell; mLN, mediastinal lymph node; ILC2, group 2 innate lymphoid cell.