Mean nuclei area and number of neurons in the dentate gyrus region of the dorsal hippocampus. (A) Significant changes in the mean number of neurons in the DG region (one-way ANOVA test, p ≤ 0.0001). ‘*’ DAV vs. AV, ‘*#’ AV vs. NC and ‘#’ DB vs. NC are significantly decreased (p = 0.001, 0.0001 and 0.0001, respectively). ‘**’ DAV vs. AV and ‘##’ DB vs. AV are significantly decreased (p = 0.0001). (B) Significant changes in the mean nuclei area in the DG region between the groups (Kruskal–Wallis test, p ≤ 0.005). ‘#’ DB vs. NC, ‘##’ DB vs. AV and ‘***’ DB vs. DAV are significantly increased (p = 0.0002, 0.0001, and 0.0001, respectively). ‘**’ DAV vs. AV, ‘#’ DB vs. NC, ‘##’ DB vs. AV and ‘***’ DB vs. DAV are significantly increased (p = 0.045). Circles indicate boundaries of neuronal nuclei, and squares indicate specific regions from which micrographs were taken and measurements made, n = 6. Scale bar = 15 µm. Key: NC, Controls; AV, cART only; DB, Diabetic; DAV, diabetic with cART.