Table 2.
Recent promising strategies to efficiently eliminate antibiotics in wastewater and drinking water treatment plants.
| Strategy | Target | Removal Efficiency | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nanomaterials (nanocomposites, nanofibers, NPs) | |||
| TiO2-doped Fe3+ nano-photocatalyst | Metronidazole | 97% (ci = 80 mg/mL, pH 11, 2 h) 69.85% (pH 6, 2 h) |
[94] |
| Graphitized mesoporous carbon TiO2 nanocomposites | Ciprofloxacin | 100% (ci = 1.5 mg/L, 1.5 h) | [95] |
| V2O5-ZnO NPs coated carbon nanofibers | Ciprofloxacin Cinoxacin |
Adsorption of 87.70 mg/g (ci = 10–200 mg/L, pH 6.5, 20 min) Adsorption of 71.4 mg/g (ci = 10–200 mg/L, pH 6.5, 20 min) |
[96] |
| Ta3N5 NPs/TiO2 hollow nanosphere composite | Levofloxacin Ciprofloxacin Tetracycline hydrochloride |
93% (2 h); 89.76% after 4 cycles 93.2% (3 h) 92.2% (3 h) |
[97] |
| Silver modified ZnO nanoplates | Ofloxacin | 98% (ci = 10 mg/mL, pH 7, 2,30 h) | [98] |
| MnO2/graphene nanocomposite | Tetracycline | 99.4% | [99] |
| SnO2/Ni@N carbon nanotubes | Cephalexin | >70% (electropersulfate oxidation) | [100] |
| Boron Nitride Nanosheets | Tetracycline Ofloxacin Cephalexin |
Adsorption of 346.66 mg/g, pH 8 Adsorption of 72.50 mg/g (pH 8) Adsorption 225.0 mg/g (pH 12) |
[101] |
| Green GS-NiFe beads nanocomposite | Tetracycline (ci = 20 mg/L) |
Adsorption/degradation of 487 ± 6.85 mg/g Adsorption/degradation of 420 ± 10.21 mg/g Adsorption/degradation of 408 ± 12.35 mg/g |
[102] |
| Green bimetallic nZVI-Cu NPs (pomegranate ring extract) | Tetracycline | 72% (ci = 10 mg/L, pH 7) | [103] |
| Bentonite supported green nZVI-Cu nanocomposite | 95% (pH 7) | ||
| MnCo2O4 NPs | Ciprofloxacin | 100% (pH 3, 5 h) | [104] |
| CdS NPs | 79.50% (ci = 10 mg/mL, pH 9, 80 min) | [105] | |
| NiFe2O4 NPs loaded graphitic carbon nitride | Oxytetracycline | 100% (pH 5, 8 h) | [106] |
| ZV Cu (core) and Fe3O4 (shell) NPs | Oxytetracycline | >99% (ci = 20 mg/mL, pH3, 10 min) | [107] |
| S-doped MgO NPs | Tetracycline | 90% (pH neutral, 10 min) | [108] |
| PRB columns packed with ZVI | Tetracycline (ci = 20 mg/L, pH 6.5, 30 days) |
65% | [109] |
| PRB columns packed with MnO2 | 50% | ||
| PRB columns packed with ZVI and MnO2 | 85% (pH 6.5, 30 days) | ||
| Fe/Ni bimetallic NPs | Tetracycline | 97.4% (ci = 100 mg/mL, pH 5, 3 h) | [110] |
| Microalgae | |||
| Microcystis aeruginosa | Cefradine Amoxicillin |
37.08% 60.89% |
[111] |
| Chlorella pyrenoidosa | Cefradine Amoxicillin |
42.63% 71.25% |
|
| Haematococcus pluvialis | Sulfonamides | 42–100% (mean 93%) of sulfamerazine, sulfamethoxazole, sulfamonomethoxine | [112] |
| Selenastrum capricornutum | Macrolides Fluoroquinolones |
9–99% (mean 82%) of trimethoprim, clarithromycin azithromycin, roxithromycin 9–99% (mean 82%) of lomefloxacin, levofloxacin, flumequine |
|
| Scenedesmus quadricauda | Sulfonamides | 23–98% (mean 78%) | |
| Chlorella vulgaris | Macrolides Fluoroquinolones |
10–100% (mean 47%) 10–100% (mean 47%) of fluoroquinolones (lomefloxacin, levofloxacin, flumequine) |
|
| Chlorella vulgaris | Enrofloxacin Sulfadiazine Sulfamethazine Norfloxacin |
53–73% 11–24% 16–33% Inefficient removal |
[113] |
| Chrysosporum ovalisporum | Enrofloxacin Sulfadiazine Sulfamethazine Norfloxacin |
58–79% 10–20% 14–27% Inefficient removal |
|
| Chlorella pyrenoidosa | cefuroxime sodium | 60% (within 48 h) 92.9% (with NaHCO3 addition) |
[114] |
| Scenedesmus obliquus | Ofloxacin | 9.95–39.24% | [115] |
| Scenedesmus dimorphus | Ofloxacin | 93% | [116] |
| Spirulina sp.-derived biochar | Tetracycline | Adsorption of 61% (120 h; ↓ adsorption along with cycles) | [117] |
| Scenedesmus obliquus | Sulfamethazine Sulfamethoxazole |
31.4–62.3% (12 days) 27.7–46.8% (12 days) |
[118] |
|
Chlorella micrococcus (photo-sequencing batch reactor) |
Trimethoprim Sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethazine Sulfamerazine Norfloxacin Enrofloxacin |
91.8% 85.5% 85.5% 85.5% 98% 100% |
[119] |
| Chlorella pyrenoidosa | Sulfamethoxazole | Biodegradation of 14.9% (11 days) 99.3% (with sodium acetate addition, 5 days) |
[120] |
| Chlorella vulgaris (batch culture) | Sulfadiazine Sulfamethazine Sulfamethoxazole |
32.06% (12 days) 31.17% (12 days) 34.07% (12 days) |
[121] |
| Chlorella vulgaris biofilm membrane photobioreactor | Sulfadiazine Sulfamethazine Sulfamethoxazole |
79.2% (1 day) 76.7% (1 day) 82.1% (1 day) |
|
| M. aeruginosa | Tetracycline | 98% (2 days) | [122] |
| Chlamydomonas sp. Tai-03 | Ciprofloxacin Sulfadiazine |
100% (65.05% by biodegradation) 54.53% (35.60% by photolysis) |
[123] |
| Microalgae-bacteria consortium | Cephalexin Erythromycin |
96.54% (7 days) 92.38% (7 days) |
[124] |
| Sulfamethoxazole | 54.34% (42.86% by biodegradation) | [125] | |
NPs—nanoparticles; PRB—permeable reactive barrier; and ZVI—zero-valent iron.