Table 2.
Radiation sensors.
| Sensor Type | Application | Sensing Element | Key Parameters | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IR thermometer | BT | Thermopile array sensor | Range 35–43.2 °C, Accuracy ±0.2 °C, Resolution 0.1 °C, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth |
[15] |
| IR thermometer | BT | PIR sensor | Range 32–42.8 °C, Accuracy ±0.2 °C, Resolution 0.1 °C | [200] |
| IR thermometer | BT, screening | PIR sensor | Wi-Fi, Bluetooth | [159] |
| Smartwatch | BT | PIR sensor | PPG sensor for HR and SpO2 | [160] |
| Wall sensor | BT, clinical screening | PIR sensor: GY-906 MLX90614 | Range −70–380 °C, Accuracy 0.5 °C |
[161] |
| IR spectrometer | IR radiation spectrum | Precision FT-IR spectrometer Vertex 80v | Spectral range 1.33–16.67 μm | [130] |
| Thermal camera | Emissivity of the human skin | Thermal camera HY-S280 SATIR (uncooled microbolometer) | Resolution 384 × 288, Spectral range 7–13 μm, Sensitivity 0.08 °C |
[133] |
| Thermal camera | Emissivity of the human skin | Thermal camera FLIR B200 equipped with focal plane array microbolometer |
Resolution 200 × 150, Spectral range 7.5–13 μm, Accuracy ±2 °C or ±2%, Sensitivity 0.08 °C | [146] |
| Thermal camera | Thermal analyses, daily rhythm | Thermal camera Fluke TIR-25 Imager |
Resolution 160 × 120, 9 fps, Spectral range 7.5–14 µm, Accuracy ± 2 °C or 2%, Sensitivity 0.1 °C | [135] |
| Thermal camera | BT distribution from thermal face map | Thermal camera FLIR Systems, T5000 (uncooled microbolometer) | Resolution 464 × 348, 30 fps, Accuracy ±2 °C, Sensitivity 0.03 °C, 17 μm pixel pitch | [153] |
| Thermal camera | BT distribution from thermal face map | Thermal camera Optotherm42 (uncooled amorphous silicon) |
Resolution 640 × 480 pixels, 60 fps, Accuracy ±0.3 °C, Sensitivity 0.04 °C, 17 μm pixel pitch | [153] |
| Smartphone-based thermal camera | Thermal analyses |
Smartphone-based thermal camera FLIR ONE Gen 2 | Resolution 160 × 120, 9 fps, Spectral range −20–300 °C, Accuracy ± 3 °C or 5%, Sensitivity 0.1 °C | [184,187] |
| Smartphone-based thermal camera | Thermal analyses |
Smartphone-based thermal camera Hti HT 301 | Resolution 384 × 288, 25 fps, Spectral range 8–14 µm, Accuracy ± 3 °C or 3%, Sensitivity 0.5 °C |
[185] |
| Smartphone- based thermal camera | Thermal analyses |
Smartphone-based thermal camera Seek CompactPRO XR | Resolution 320 × 240, 9 fps, Spectral range 7.5–14 µm, Sensitivity 0.07 °C |
[186] |
| Glasses with thermal camera |
IR thermography |
Dynacom AR02T wearable thermal camera | Resolution 80 × 60, 9 fps, Accuracy ±5 °C or 5% |
[188] |
| Glasses with thermal camera |
IR thermography |
Axonim wearable thermal camera | Spectral range 7–14 µm | [17] |
| Hybrid optical imaging | PPG and IR thermography, HR, RR |
Pulse oximeter, IR camera | Hybrid optical technology for monitoring skin perfusion and temperature behavior | [189] |
| Wearable light data logger | Effects of light on human | Adafruit UV Light Sensor GUVA-S12SD, Adafruit RGB Sensor with IR filter TCS34725 | UV, RGB | [192] |
| Chromic fibers textile | IR, UV, environment thermal radiation | Dual-responsive Janus chromic fibers, color spectrophotometer CS-820N, FLIR A300 | Temperature 15–40 °C, UV intensity 0–250 mW/m2 | [193] |
| Daysimeter | Radiation exposure |
Hamamatsu S1223-01 silicon PD | Sensitivity 0.13 µA/lux | [191] |
| Optical sensor | Glucose and dehydration | Laser, camera | Temporal changes of reflected secondary speckles produced in the wrist illuminated by a laser with a change in the magnetic | [46] |