Table 2.
Differences in community stigma, same-sex discrimination, and incarceration history between MSM living in states with versus without HIV laws, stratified by race/ethnicity (n = 7392) – NHBS, 2017.
| Law | No law | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Black (n = 2963) | White (n = 1968) | Black (n = 881) | White (n = 1580) | |||||||||||
| No. | %b | 95% CI | No. | %b | 95% CI | P-value | No. | %b | 95% CI | No. | %b | 95% CI | P-value | |
| Most people in my community…. | ||||||||||||||
| …would discriminate against PWH | <0.001 | 0.001 | ||||||||||||
| Disagree/neutral | 1126 | 41.5 | 38.3, 44.7 | 1125 | 65.7 | 62.3, 69.1 | 426 | 48.8 | 44.0, 53.6 | 882 | 58.3 | 54.4, 62.1 | ||
| Agree | 1822 | 58.5 | 55.3, 61.7 | 687 | 34.3 | 30.9, 37.7 | 454 | 51.2 | 46.4, 56.0 | 560 | 41.7 | 37.9, 45.6 | ||
| …would not support rights of PWH | <0.001 | 0.04 | ||||||||||||
| Disagree/neutral | 2260 | 80.3 | 78.1, 82.5 | 1740 | 90.7 | 88.4, 92.9 | 726 | 84.3 | 80.7, 87.9 | 1415 | 88.8 | 86.2, 91.3 | ||
| Agree | 691 | 19.7 | 17.5, 21.9 | 219 | 9.3 | 7.1, 11.6 | 154 | 15.7 | 12.1, 19.3 | 162 | 11.2 | 8.7, 13.8 | ||
| …would not be friends with PWH | <0.001 | 0.11 | ||||||||||||
| Disagree/neutral | 2262 | 81.5 | 79.0, 84.0 | 1756 | 90.2 | 88.0, 92.4 | 746 | 86.1 | 82.7, 89.5 | 1443 | 89.6 | 86.9, 92.3 | ||
| Agree | 689 | 18.5 | 16.0, 21.0 | 205 | 9.8 | 7.6, 12.0 | 133 | 13.9 | 10.5, 17.3 | 134 | 10.4 | 7.7, 13.1 | ||
| …believe PWH ‘got what they deserved’ | <0.001 | 0.001 | ||||||||||||
| Disagree/neutral | 2030 | 73.1 | 70.2, 75.9 | 1640 | 84.3 | 81.8, 86.8 | 680 | 78.4 | 74.7, 82.1 | 1380 | 86.5 | 84.1, 88.9 | ||
| Agree | 923 | 27.0 | 24.1, 29.8 | 321 | 15.7 | 13.2, 18.2 | 198 | 21.6 | 17.9, 25.3 | 199 | 13.5 | 11.1, 15.9 | ||
| …are intolerant towards gay/bisexual men | <0.001 | 0.004 | ||||||||||||
| Disagree/neutral | 2427 | 86.2 | 84.0, 88.3 | 1848 | 95.1 | 93.6, 96.6 | 801 | 93.3 | 91.2, 95.4 | 1529 | 96.7 | 95.5, 98.0 | ||
| Agree | 531 | 13.8 | 11.7, 16.0 | 119 | 4.9 | 3.4, 6.4 | 78 | 6.7 | 4.6, 8.8 | 50 | 3.3 | 2.0, 4.5 | ||
| Same-sex discrimination, past 12 months | 0.03 | 0.95 | ||||||||||||
| Any discriminationc | ||||||||||||||
| No | 1677 | 63.0 | 60.0, 66.1 | 1076 | 58.4 | 55.1, 61.6 | 527 | 61.6 | 56.9, 66.2 | 914 | 61.4 | 57.9, 64.8 | ||
| Yes | 1278 | 37.0 | 33.9, 40.0 | 889 | 41.6 | 38.4, 44.9 | 347 | 38.6 | 35.2, 42.1 | 662 | 38.6 | 35.2, 42.1 | ||
| Verbal discrimination | 0.002 | 0.31 | ||||||||||||
| No | 1998 | 72.5 | 69.6, 75.4 | 1227 | 65.8 | 62.7, 69.0 | 626 | 70.9 | 66.8, 75.1 | 1032 | 68.3 | 65.0, 71.7 | ||
| Yes | 964 | 27.5 | 24.6, 30.4 | 740 | 34.2 | 31.0, 37.3 | 255 | 29.1 | 24.9, 33.2 | 546 | 31.7 | 2.3, 35.0 | ||
| Poor service at restaurants, stores, etc. | 0.96 | 0.19 | ||||||||||||
| No | 2472 | 85.8 | 83.8, 87.9 | 1661 | 85.7 | 83.3, 88.2 | 730 | 86.9 | 84.0, 89.8 | 1388 | 89.3 | 87.1, 91.5 | ||
| Yes | 482 | 14.2 | 12.1, 16.2 | 302 | 14.3 | 11.8, 16.7 | 147 | 13.1 | 10.2, 16.0 | 187 | 10.7 | 8.5, 12.9 | ||
| Discrimination at work/school | 0.001 | 0.20 | ||||||||||||
| No | 2377 | 82.2 | 79.7, 84.7 | 1701 | 88.1 | 85.8, 90.4 | 738 | 86.1 | 82.9, 89.4 | 1397 | 88.7 | 86.2, 91.3 | ||
| Yes | 583 | 17.8 | 15.3, 20.3 | 258 | 11.9 | 9.6, 14.2 | 136 | 13.9 | 10.6, 17.1 | 181 | 11.3 | 8.7, 13.8 | ||
| Discrimination at healthcare settings | 0.33 | . | ||||||||||||
| No | 2877 | 98.2 | 97.3, 99.0 | 1904 | 97.5 | 96.5, 98.5 | . | . | . | . | . | . | ||
| Yes | 78 | 1.8 | 1.0, 2.7 | 57 | 2.5 | 1.5, 3.5 | . | . | . | . | . | . | ||
| Physically assaulted, past 12 months | 0.20 | 0.06 | ||||||||||||
| No | 2665 | 92.6 | 90.8, 94.4 | 1821 | 94.1 | 92.6, 95.6 | 809 | 92.7 | 90.4, 95.1 | 1488 | 95.1 | 93.7, 96.6 | ||
| Yes | 296 | 7.4 | 5.6, 9.2 | 147 | 5.9 | 4.4, 7.4 | 71 | 7.3 | 4.9, 9.6 | 91 | 4.9 | 3.4, 6.3 | ||
| Disclosed same-sex attraction to all groups | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
| No | 1215 | 42.1 | 38.8, 45.4 | 631 | 33.0 | 29.5, 36.4 | 363 | 42.6 | 37.6, 47.7 | 450 | 27.3 | 23.6, 30.9 | ||
| Yes | 1734 | 57.9 | 54.6, 61.2 | 1329 | 67.0 | 63.6, 70.5 | 515 | 57.4 | 52.3, 62.4 | 1124 | 72.7 | 69.1, 76.4 | ||
| Incarceration history* | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
| Never incarcerated | 2019 | 71.7 | 68.8, 74.6 | 1617 | 83.7 | 81.3, 86.2 | 651 | 75.0 | 71.1, 78.9 | 1349 | 85.9 | 83.0, 88.8 | ||
| Incarcerated over 12 months ago | 715 | 20.7 | 18.4, 23.0 | 285 | 13.1 | 11.0, 15.2 | 176 | 19.2 | 15.4, 23.0 | 195 | 11.4 | 8.7, 14.1 | ||
| Incarcerated past 12 months | 229 | 7.6 | 5.9, 9.3 | 65 | 3.2 | 1.8, 4.5 | 54 | 5.8 | 3.8, 7.9 | 36 | 2.7 | 1.3, 4.2 | ||
CI, confidence interval; MSM, mMen who have sex with men; NHBS, National HIV Behavioral Surveillance; PWH, people with HIV.
State had any HIV criminalization law as of August 2017 according to the Center for HIV Law & Policy.
Column percentages are weighted to account for sampling biases, nonresponse, and multiplicity and may not sum to 100% due to rounding. The sampling design and weighting methods allow inference to all venue-attending men who have sex with men living in cities.
In the past 12 months, experienced name calling/insults, received poor service, was treated unfairly at work/school, received worse healthcare, or were physically attacked because someone knew or assumed they were attracted to men.
Disclosed same-sex attraction to family, friends, healthcare provider, and women sex partners (if applicable).