Table 1.
Phytoplankton toxins and their different potential therapeutic applications.
| Disease | Toxin | Application | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cancer | Okadaic acid (OA) | Breast, intestinal, blood, brain, lungs, hepatic, human leukemia and human endothelial cancer cell lines | [42,43,44,45] |
| Amphidinolides and colopsinols | Murine lymphoma L1210 and human epidermoid carcinoma KB cells | [46] | |
| Caribenolide I | Human colon tumor cell line HCT 116 and HCT 116/VM 46 | [47] | |
| in vivo against the mouse tumor P388 | [48] | ||
| Gymnocin-A | P388 murine leukemia cells | [49] | |
| Yessotoxins (YTXs) | Epithelial cancer cells | [50] | |
| YTX and its analogues | In BC3H1 myoblast cells, primary cortical neurons, and glioma cells | [51] | |
| Melanoma tumor cells | [52] | ||
| Protoceratins I, II, III, and IV | Human colon cancer cell lines | [53] | |
| Pectenotoxin (PTX) | Lung, colon, and breast cancer cells | [54] | |
| Ciguatoxin (CTX) | Gastrointestinal cell lines | [55,56] | |
| Brevetoxin (BTX) | Jurkat E6-1 cell lines | [57,58] | |
| Palytoxin (PLTX) | Lymphoblastic or myelogenous leukemia cell lines | [59] | |
| Palytoxin (PLTX) and Ostreocin-D | Intestinal and neuroblastoma cell lines | [60,61] | |
| Azaspiracid (AZA) | T-lymphocyte cell lines | [62,63] | |
| Gymnocin-A (GYMA) | P388 murine leukemia cell lines | [64] | |
| Karlotoxin (KmTx) | Breast and prostate cancer cell lines | [65,66] | |
| Combination of GYM and OA | Several cancer cell lines | [67] | |
| GYM | Neuroblastoma cell line | [67] | |
| Alzheimer | Okadaic acid (OA) YTX and its analogues Gambierol GYM Spirolides |
Inhibits the level of t- and β-amyloid | [68] [69] [70] [71] [72] |
| Pain | Gonyautoxins (GTX) | - | [73] |
| GTX2, GTX3 and TTX | - | [74] | |
| Schizophrenia | Okadaic acid (OA) | - | [75] |
| Diabetes | Okadaic acid (OA) Gambierol |
- | [76] |
| [77,78] | |||
| AIDS | Okadaic acid (OA) | - | [76] |
| Fungal disease | Okadaic acid (OA) Karlotoxin (KmTx) |
Suppress Candida albicans growth | [79] |
| [65,80,81,82] | |||
| Allergy and Asthma | YTX and its analogues | - | [83] |
| Brain disorder | BTX-2 | - | [84] |
| Osteoporosis | Symbioimine | Postmenopausal women | [85] |
| Inflammation | Symbioimine | Treatment of cyclooxygenase-2-related disorders | [86] |
| Brain injury, autoimmune disorders, multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis |
Gambierol | - | [87] |
| [77,78] | |||
| [77,78] | |||
| Coronary heart disease (CHD) | Karlotoxin (KmTx) | - | [65,66] |
| Pain, | Gonyautoxins (GTX) | - | [73] |
| Fungal, bacterial, and protozoal disease | Saxitoxin (STXs) | - | [88] |