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. 2022 Apr 12;19(8):4638. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19084638

Table 3.

The characteristics of included RCTs.

Study Country Sample
Size		 Age
Years		 Types of Sport HIIT Intervention Fasting
Intervention		 Frequency Duration Control Outcomes
Francois 2018 USA 23 46 ± 12 Bicycle Exercise: 90%HRmax for 3 min;
Intermittent: 50%HRmax for 3 min;
6–10 times		 LCD (1000–1200 kcal/day) HIIT: 7 times/week
Fasting: 7 times/week		 13 days Only maintain LCD BM; BMI; VO2peak; FM; PFM; FFM; FPG; FPI
Gilbertson 2019 USA 24 48.3 ± 13 Bicycle Exercise: 90%HRmax for 3 min;
Intermittent: 50%HRmax for 3 min;
6–10 times		 LCD (1000–1200 kcal/day) HIIT: 7 times/week
Fasting: 7 times/week		 2 weeks Only maintain LCD BM; BMI; WC; VO2peak; FM; PFM; FFM; FPG; FPI
Gillen 2013 Canada 16 27 ± 8 Bicycle Exercise: 90%HRmax for 60 s;
Intermittent: rest or pedal slowly at a resistance of 50 W for 60 s;
10 times		 Keeping overnight fasting before exercise HIIT: 3 times/week
Fasting:3 times/week		 6 weeks Meal at 60min before HIIT BM; FM; PFM; FPG; FPI
Gyorkos USA 12 18–60 Bicycle Exercise: 90%HRmax for 60 s;
Intermittent: active recovery for 60 s;
10 times		 A carbohydrate-restricted Paleolithic-based diet HIIT: 3 times/week
Fasting: 7 times/week		 4 weeks Only maintain a carbohydrate-restricted Paleolithic-based diet BM; BMI; WC; PFM; VO2peak; FPG;FPI
Heiston 2020 USA 25 47.1 ± 12 Bicycle Exercise: 90%HRmax for 3 min;
Intermittent: 50%HRmax for 3 min;
6–10 times		 LCD (1000–1200 kcal/day) HIIT: 7 times/week
Fasting: 7 times/week		 13 days Only maintain LCD BM; BMI; WC; VO2peak; PFM; FFM; FPG; FPI
Malin 2020 USA 26 47.3 ± 12.2 Bicycle Exercise: 90%HRmax for 3 min;
Intermittent: 50%HRmax for 3 min;
6–10 times		 LCD (1000–1200 kcal/day) HIIT:7 times/week
Fasting: 7 times/week		 13 days Only maintain LCD BM; BMI; WC; PFM; FM; FFM; VO2peak
Pedersen 2019 Denmark 55 45–75 Bicycle Exercise: 85–90%VO2peak for 1–4 min;
Intermittent: 65–70%VO2peak for 1–3 min
4 times		 LCD (800–1000 kcal/day) HIIT: 3 times/week
Fasting: 7 times/week		 1 years Only maintain HIIT BM; BMI; FM; FFM; WC; VO2peak;
Sartor 2010 UK 19 39 ± 12 Bicycle Exercise: 90%VO2peak for 4 min;
Intermittent: rest for 2–3 min;
10 times		 A moderately low-carbohydrate and high-unsaturated fat diet HIIT: 3 times/week
Fasting: 7 time/week		 2 weeks Only maintain fasting intervention BM; FM; FFM; FPG; FPI;
Sun 2019 China 30 21.2 ± 3.3 Bicycle Exercise: Sprint phases for 6 s;
Intermittent: passive recovery for 9 s;
10 times		 A low-carbohydrate diet HIIT: 5 times/week
Fasting: 7 times/week		 4 weeks Maintain normal dietary habits and normal exercise habits BM; BMI; VO2peak; WC; FPG;

BM, body mass; BMI, body mass index; FM, fat mass; PFM, percent fat mass; FFM, fat-free mass; WC, waist circumference; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; FPI, fasting plasma insulin; LCD, low-calorie diets.