Table 4.

Subgroup analysis for HIIT + fasting in overweight and obese adults.

Outcomes	Intervention	N	ES (95% CI)	Heterogeneity		p
				I2 (%)	p
Body mass	Long term	4	MD: −4.28	0	0.45	0.008
			(−7.44, −1.13)
	Short term	4	MD: 2.91	0	1	0.39
			(−3.78, 9.06)
	Long interval	6	MD: −2.93	7	0.37	0.16
			(−6.99, 1.13)
	Short interval	3	MD: −0.81	0	0.91	0.77
			(−6.20, 4.58)
	LCD	6	MD: −2.31	12	0.34	0.3
			(−6.69, 2.07)
	Low-carbohydrate diet	3	MD: −1.02	0	0.96	0.71
			(−6.5, 4.45)
BMI	Long term	3	MD: −1.56	0	0.39	0.01
			(−2.76, −0.36)
	Short term	4	MD: 0.36	0	0.98	0.78
			(−2.22, 2.94)
	Long interval	5	MD: −1.23	0	0.7	0.03
			(−2.55, 0.09)
	Short interval	2	MD: −1.43	40	0.2	0.29
			(−4.08, 1.22)
	LCD	5	MD: −1.23	0	0.7	0.03
			(−2.55, 0.09)
	Low-carbohydrate diet	2	MD: −1.43	40	0.2	0.29
			(−4.08, 1.22)
WC	Long term	3	MD: −5.14	0	0.7	0.002
			(−8.33, −1.96)
	Short term	3	MD: −1.73	0	0.76	0.55
			(−7.43, 3.97)
	Long interval	4	MD: −4.22	0	0.65	0.01
			(−7.54, −0.89)
	Short interval	2	MD: −4.6	0	0.42	0.07
			(−9.66, 0.46)
	LCD	4	MD: −4.22	0	0.65	0.01
			(−7.54, −0.89)
	Low-carbohydrate diet	2	MD: −4.6	0	0.42	0.07
			(−9.66, 0.46)
BFP	Long term	3	MD: −1.04	0	0.67	0.26
			(−2.84, 0.76)
	Short term	3	MD: −1.05	0	0.58	0.31
			(−3.09, 0.98)
	Long interval	4	MD: −1.08	0	0.78	0.14
			(−2.5, 0.35)
	Short interval	2	MD: −0.78	0	0.37	0.72
			(−5.02, 3.46)
	LCD	5	MD: −0.96	0	0.8	0.18
			(−2.35, 0.43)
	Low-carbohydrate diet	1	MD: −2.4	NA	NA	0.4
			(−7.95, 3.15)
FM	Long term	2	MD: −2.47	2	0.31	0.01
			(−4.45, −0.5)
	Short term	3	MD: 0.65	0	0.86	0.8
			(−4.42, 5.71)
	Long interval	5	MD: −2.33	0	0.69	0.007
			(−4.02, −0.63)
	Short interval	1	MD: 2	NA	NA	0.66
			(−6.94, 10.94)
	LCD	5	MD: −2.45	0	0.54	0.01
			(−4.17, −0.73)
	Low-carbohydrate diet	1	MD: −2	NA	NA	0.65
			(−10.59, 6.59)
FFM	Long term	2	MD: −2.28	0	0.58	0.28
			(−6.38, 1.82)
	Short term	5	MD: 1.57	0	0.99	0.28
			(−1.27, 4.41)
	Long interval	6	MD: 0.48	0	0.74	0.7
			(−2.01, 2.98)
	Short interval	1	MD: −0.8	NA	NA	0.81
			(−7.41, 5.81)
	LCD	6	MD: 0.16	0	0.77	0.9
			(−2.24, 2.57)
	Low-carbohydrate diet	1	MD: 3	NA	NA	0.55
			(−6.82, 12.82)
VO2peak	Long term	3	SMD: 0.67	58	0.09	0.04
			(0.03, 1.32)
	Short term	4	SMD: 0.85	29	0.24	0.0006
			(0.37, 1.34)
	Long interval	5	SMD: 0.77	13	0.33	0.0001
			(0.41, 1.13)
	Short interval	2	SMD: 0.89	77	0.04	0.15
			(−0.32, 2.09)
	LCD	5	SMD: 0.77	13	0.33	0.0001
			(0.41, 1.13)
	Low-carbohydrate diet	2	SMD: 0.89	77	0.04	0.15
			(−0.32, 2.09)
FPG	Long term	3	SMD: −0.61	0	0.42	0.01
			(−1.09, −0.13)
	Short term	4	SMD: 0.22	0	0.84	0.22
			(−0.19, 0.63)
	Long interval	4	SMD: 0.22	0	0.84	0.22
			(−0.19, 0.63)
	Short interval	3	SMD: −0.61	0	0.42	0.01
			(−1.09, −0.13)
	LCD	4	SMD: 0.23	0	0.84	0.29
			(−0.19, 0.65)
	Low-carbohydrate diet	3	SMD: −0.58	4	0.35	0.02
			(−1.06, −0.09)
FPI	Long term	2	SMD: −0.05	0	0.97	0.87
			(−0.67, 0.57)
	Short term	4	SMD: 0.21	0	0.7	0.32
			(−0.2, 0.62)
	Long interval	4	SMD: 0.21	0	0.7	0.32
			(−0.2, 0.62)
	Short interval	2	SMD: −0.05	0	0.97	0.87
			(−0.67, 0.57)
	LCD	4	SMD: 0.17	0	0.64	0.43
			(−0.25, 0.59)
	Low-carbohydrate diet	2	SMD: 0.05	0	0.74	0.87
			(−0.55, 0.65)