Table 5.
Effect of salivary, gastric and intestinal in vitro digestion model on the phenolic content of VVIT mg/g.
| Rt (min) | Compound | VVIT Microencapsulated | VVIT Solution | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BD | SSF | SGF | SIF | BD | SSF | SGF | SIF | ||
| 3.85 | Quinic acid | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | 1.02 ± 0.01 | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | 6.76 ± 0.05 |
| 4.59 | Epigallocatechin | 4.80 ± 0.07 a | 4.13 ± 0.05 b | 2.79 ± 0.01 c | 1.54 ± 0.01 d | 32.22 ± 0.32 a | 26.60 ± 0.21 b | 11.10 ± 0.08 c | 5.72 ± 0.04 d |
| 10.39 | Protocatechuic acid | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | 0.92 ± 0.01 | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | 4.88 ± 0.05 |
| 15.45 | Feruloylquinic acid I Quercetin-rutinoside (Rutin) |
2.18 ± 0.02 a,b | 2.00 ± 0.02 b | 0.39 ± 0.01 c | N.D. | 14.77 ± 0.24 a | 11.30 ± 0.09 b | 4.98 ± 0.03 c | N.D. |
| 16.28 | Quercetin-glucoside | 0.29 ± 0.01 a,b | 0.20 ± 0.01 b | 0.13 ± 0.01 c | N.D. | 2.16 ± 0.03 a | 1.94 ± 0.01 b | 0.96 ± 0.01 c | N.D. |
| 17.20 | Caffeoylarbutin | 0.07 ± 0.01 a,b,c | 0.06 ± 0.01 b,c | 0.04 ± 0.01 c | N.D. | 0.52 ± 0.01 a | 0.42 ± 0.01 b,c | 0.40 ± 0.01 c | N.D. |
| 17.42 | Quercetin-acetyl-rhamnoside | 0.15 ± 0.01 a,b | 0.14 ± 0.01 b | 0.06 ± 0.01 c | N.D. | 0.98 ± 0.01 a | 0.73 ± 0.01 b | 0.62 ± 0.01 c | N.D. |
| 17.65 | Quercetin-rhamnoside | 0.12 ± 0.01 a,b | 0.10 ± 0.01 b,c | 0.08 ± 0.01 c | N.D. | 0.62 ± 0.01 a | 0.57 ± 0.01 a,b | 0.50 ± 0.01 b,c | N.D. |
| 19.30 | Quercetin-glucosyl-xyloside | 0.27 ± 0.01 a,b | 0.26 ± 0.01 b | 0.14 ± 0.01 c | 0.10 ± 0.01 d | 1.96 ± 0.02 a,b | 1.94 ± 0.02 b | 1.42 ± 0.01 c | 0.76 ± 0.01 d |
| Total Phenolics | 7.88 ± 0.14 a | 6.89 ± 0.10 b | 3.63 ± 0.02 c,d | 3.58 ± 0.01 d | 53.23 ± 0.64 a | 43.50 ± 0.32 b | 19.98 ± 0.17 c,d | 18.12 ± 0.10 d | |
Values are expressed as mean values ± SD, mg/g, n = 3. In the same row, for each type of V. vitis-idaea L. sample (microencapsulated and solution/aqueous extract), values marked with different letters (a–d) indicate a significant difference (p < 0.05) between non-digested and after each phase of digestion (One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA); multiple comparison test; Tukey multiple range test (p = 0.05); GraphPad Prism Version 8.0.1, Graph Pad Software, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA), VVIT (V. vitis-idaea L.), BD—before digestion, SSF—Simulated salivary fluid, SGF—Simulated gastric fluid, SIF—simulated intestinal fluid.