. 2022 Apr 7;12(8):948. doi: 10.3390/ani12080948

Table 2.

Enteric methane (CH₄) emissions and milk yield (MY) from dairy cattle.

Breed	Method	Diet	No. of Animals	BW	DMI	Milk Yield (MY)	CH₄					Ref
					kg/d	kg/d	g/d	g/kg DMI	g/kg MY	g/kg ECM	% GEI
Holstein–Friesian	SF₆	PRG	15	-	15	19.0	360.5	24.5	26.5	-	-	[22]
		PRG + WC	15		16.5	19.8	353.6	21.5	26	-	-
Holstein	SF₆	2 kg corn + grazing ¹	10	577	14.5	19.6	287	20	15.4	14.1	-	[23]
		4 kg corn + grazing	10	552	14.2	22.4	273	19.3	12.9	12.5	-
		6 kg corn + grazing	10	565	15.5	25.9	272	17.7	11.2	11.4	-
		8 kg corn + grazing	10	570	15.4	26.5	277	18.1	10.8	11.1	-
Holstein	SF₆	0% WC	8	-	15.6	17.6	332.6	21.7	15.3	-	6.8	[24]
		15% WC	8	-	17.6	17.9	364.6	20.9	17.4	-	6.6
		30% WC	8	-	18.6	19.3	344.2	18.6	18.5	-	5.8
		60% WC	8	-	20.5	20.4	371.6	18.1	20.5	-	5.6
Holstein	SF₆	1000 kg DM/ha ²	23	495	16.9	22.2	286	17	13	-	5.4	[25]
		2200 kg DM/ha	23	507	15.4	21.5	286	18.7	13.6	-	6.3
		1000 kg DM/ha	23	500	14.6	18	278	19.2	16.4	-	6.4
		2200 kg DM/ha	23	494	14.6	17	320	22.3	19.9	-	7.4
Holstein	RC	0% COC-oil ³	8	-	22.9	37.1	464	21.1	12.5	-	6.42	[26]
		1.3% COC-oil	8	-	21.4	37.5	449	21.3	11.9	-	6.35
		2.7% COC-oil	8	-	17.9	33.7	291	17.4	8.6	-	5.19
		3.3% COC-oil	8	-	16.2	32.4	253	16.7	7.8	-	4.94
Holstein	SF₆	Corn ⁴	8	537	22.2	32.1	446	20.3	-	14.8	6.12	[27]
		Wheat	8	537	21.1	32.3	300	14.3	-	10.8	4.28
		Single-rolled barley	8	537	22.6	31.3	518	22.9	-	16.6	6.98
		Double-rolled barley	8	537	22.7	30.6	533	23.4	-	17.8	7.15
Holstein	SF₆	CON	10	-	25.7	31.9	520	20.2	15.8	-	-	[28]
		Monensin ⁵	10	-	25.7	32.8	534	20.8	15.4	-	-
		Control	10	-	23.3		433	20.2	15.2	-	-
		Monensin	10	-	22.7		438	20.8	15.3	-	-
		Control	10	-	20.0		429	20	13.2	-	-
		Monensin	10	-	20.2		435	20.2	13	-	-
		Control	10	-	20.9	32.5	466	22.5	16.5	-	-
		Monensin	10	-	20.0	33.3	470	23.7	16.2	-	-
Holstein	SF₆	Low-corn ⁶	10	582	17.7	17.55	346	19.6	21	-	-	[29]
		High-corn	10	582	21.5	22.72	399	17.8	17.7	-	-
Holstein	SF₆	Corn ⁷	8	635	20.7	21.1	524	25.5	-	24	7.6	[30]
		Wheat	8	635	21.3	23.8	637	29.9	-	24.4	9.1
		Corn + oil	8	635	21.7	26.1	523	24.1	-	21.3	7
		Wheat + oil	8	635	21.8	24.9	569	26.2	-	25.8	7.7
Holstein	RC	0% DGGS ⁸	4	700	24.2	32.6	495	20.6	15.6	-	6.09	[31]
		10% DGGS	4	701	24.6	35.1	490	20.1	14.2	-	5.8
		20% DGGS	4	697	24.4	35.8	477	19.7	13.6	-	5.61
		30% DGGS	4	698	25.3	36.6	475	18.9	13.2	-	5.23
Holstein	RC	Barley control ⁹	16	616	18.7	26.6	293	16.3	17.4	12.4	4.9	[32]
		Sunflower seeds	16	623	19.5	26.7	264	14.6	17.9	11.7	4.3
		Flaxseed	16	619	19	26.8	241	13.4	12.2	10.5	3.9
		Canola seed	16	619	20.1	27	265	13.7	8.1	11.4	4
Holstein	SF₆	Corn silage-based ¹⁰	8	672	19.8	23	418.1	21.1	-	19.3	6.7	[33]
		Corn + CLS	8	672	19.5	21.5	369.4	18.9	-	16.4	5.7
		Corn + ELS	8	672	16.7	20.8	258.1	15.5	-	14.8	4.8
		Corn + LSO	8	672	14.7	18.9	149.2	10.2	-	9.3	3
Holstein	RC	CON ¹¹	10	-	16.4	28.9	362	22.1	12.8	-	6.2	[34]
		Feed additives	10	-	15.9	26.1	325	20.5	12.7	-	5.7
		Control	6	-	20	32	-	-		-	-
		Feed additives	6	-	19.8	33.2	-	-		-	-
Holstein	RC	47 Forage: 53 Conc ¹²	8	546	20.7	38.8	538	25.9	14	-	-	[14]
		54 forage: 46 Conc	8	546	21.0	38.4	597	28.2	15.9	-	-
		61 forage: 39 Conc	8	546	20.2	36.9	586	29.1	16.1	-	-
		68 Forage: 32 Conc	8	546	20.2	36.9	648	31.9	17.8	-	-
Jersey	SF₆	Grasses	9	480	15.6	20.5	325	20.7	14.9	14.2	-	[35]
		Legumes	9	480	16.5	22	278	17.4	14.7	13.1	-
		Forbes	9	480	17	22.9	348	20.2	14.7	13.1	-
Holstein	RC	Low¹³-intake 1	7	-	15.8	25.1	308	19.7	12.3	11.1	5.7	[36]
		Low-intake 2	7	-	15.7	22.6	353	22.6	16.1	14	6.6
		Low-intake 3	7	-	16	22.1	357	22.2	16.3	15.1	6.6
		Low-intake 4	7	-	14.5	20.9	345	24.3	16.8	14.3	6.9
		High-intake 1	7	-	16.8	29.5	321	19.3	11.1	10.3	5.5
		High-intake 2	7	-	16.4	27.6	354	21.4	12.9	11.9	6.4
		High-intake 3	7	-	16.9	28.5	365	21.7	12.8	12.6	6.4
		High-intake 4	7	-	16.2	28	364	22.8	13.2	13.1	6.6
Holstein	RC	Grass silage	6	132.5	17.8	22.01	365.5	20.6	17.6	15.81	5.86	[37]
		Sainfoin silage	6	132.5	18.7	24.08	360.8	19.4	15.5	14.36	5.71
Jersey	SF₆	CON	11	385	11.2	9.03	323	29.1	35.5	28.8	-	[38]
		4 kg Conc	11	389	12.8	14	367	28.9	25.1	21.2	-
		8 kg Conc	11	388	15.6	17.7	378	25.1	21.1	17.6	-
Holstein	GF	High-CS ¹⁴	10	677	25.2	35.6	410	16.	11.7	-	-	[39]
	RC	High-CS + NDF	10	677	24.1	33.3	461	18.9	14.2	-	-
		High-GS	10	665	19.5	30	460	24	15.6	-	-
		High-GS + NDF	10	661	19	28	460	24.1	16.4	-	-
		High-CS	4	693	21.7	32.9	495	21.8	15.6	-	-
		High-CS + NDF	4	688	20.5	30.7	472	23.7	15.8	-	-
		High-GS	4	664	18.4	29.5	462	25.5	15.4	-	-
		High-GS + NDF	4	676	17	27.1	418	24.2	16.3	-	-
Holstein	RC	CON	6	626.5	21.8	30.5	416.8	19.2	-	-	5.7	[40]
		Yucca	6	629.6	22	31	415.4	19	-	-	5.63
		Quillaja	6	625.8	21.2	30.3	384.9	18.5	-	-	5.48
	SF₆	Control	6	626.5	21.8	30.5	325.3	16.1	-	-	4.76
		Yucca ⁴	6	629.6	21.5	31	359	17	-	-	5.03
		Quillaja ⁴	6	625.8	22.1	30.3	339	15.4	-	-	4.57
Holstein	RC	Corn silage (CS) ¹⁵	4	643.4	20.3	36.1	598	29.5	16.5	-	-	[41]
		CS + linseed oil	4	643.4	21.2	37.4	580	27.4	15.5	-	-
		Grass silage (GS)	4	643.4	19.2	35.7	567	29.5	16.1	-	-
		GS + linseed oil	4	643.4	19.7	35.4	553	28.1	15.7	-	-
Holstein	RC	Grazing	7	341	18.4	19.06	309	16.7	16.2	-	-	[42]
		Monensin	7	365	18.0	19.51	306	17	15.7	-	-
Holstein	SF₆	Control	12	614.6	22.6	27.2	400	17.8	14.8	-	5.4	[43]
		Almond hull	10	614.6	22.6	24.5	430	19.1	17.7	-	5.8
		Citrus pulp	10	614.6	21.0	26.1	414	19	16.6	-	6
Holstein	RC	CS ¹⁶, 49.3%	8	608	20.3	27	378	18.6	14.4	-	5.67	[44]
		AS, 26.8%	8	608	20.9	27.3	396	19	14.8	-	5.92
		WS, 20%	8	608	20.9	28.2	396	19	14.4	-	5.78
		Hay-based, 25.3%	8	608	23.4	29.3	413	17.8	14.2	-	5.59
Holstein	RC	Control	9	660	21.3	14.8	539	21.3	14.8	-	6.44	[45]
		Ground Feba bean	9	660	20.3	15	533	20.3	15	-	6.13
		Rolled Feba bean	9	660	21	15.2	544	21	15.2	-	6.33
Holstein	RC	CON ¹⁷	4	541	19.2	27.8	461	22.8	-	-	6.73	[46]
		Low- oregano	4	541	19.4	29.8	455	22	-	-	6.49
		Medium- oregano	4	541	19.9	29.9	464	22.2	-	-	6.56
		High- oregano	4	541	19.2	28	451	22.2	-	-	6.56
Holstein	RC	CON	4	712	21.7	24.1	502	23.4	-	-	6.87	[46]
		Low- oregano	4	712	20.9	23.2	487	23.4	-	-	6.89
		Medium- oregano	4	712	21.8	23.3	520	23.6	-	-	6.92
		High- oregano	4	712	21.3	23.2	485	23	-	-	6.76
Holstein	GF	CON	10	-	22.5	28.2	525	23.5	-	-	-	[47]
		3-NOP + hay	10	-	21.3	26.7	380	18.1	-	-	-
		3-NOP + Conc	10	-	22.3	28	403	18.6	-	-	-
		Control	10	-	23.4	31.3	494	21.5	-	-	-
		3-NOP + hay	10	-	23.6	31	486	20.7	-	-	-
		3-NOP + Conc	10	-	23.5	32.8	482	20.8	-	-	-
		Control	10	-	20.9	25	464	21.8	-	-	-
		3-NOP + hay	10	-	21.2	22.7	427	20.2	-	-	-
		3-NOP + Conc	10	-	22.4	25.2	464	21.2	-	-	-
Jersey	GF	CON ¹⁸	4	-	18.2	19.8	362.6	19.9	-	-	-	[48]
		CON + yeast	4	-	18.6	20.8	364.2	19.6	-	-	-
		NO3	4	-	17.2	19.6	303.2	17.6	-	-	-
		NO3+ yeast	4	-	16.6	19.3	301.6	18.2	-	-	-
Holstein/	RC	CON ¹⁹	4	508.1	19.1	26.3	421.6	22.3	-	-	-	[49]
Jersey		DGGS	4	513.4	20.1	27.5	421.9	21.4	-	-	-
		DGGS+ corn oil	4	513.2	20	28.3	384.7	19.9	-	-	-
		DGGS+ CaS	4	510.7	19.6	27.6	381.4	19.6	-	-	-
No. of Observation			127

BW = body weight; COC = coconut; CON = control; Conc = concentrate; DGGS = dried distillers’ grains solubles; DMI = dry matter intake; ECM= energy-corrected milk; GEI = gross energy intake; GF= GreenFeed system (C-Lock, ND); MF = milk fat; MP = milk protein; MS = milk solid; MY = milk yield; N = number of animals; RC: open-circuit respiration chamber; PRG = perennial rye grass; Ref = reference; SF₆ = sulfur hexafluoride; WC = white clover; 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP). ¹ The effect of concentrate (Conc) feed level (2.0, 4.0, 6.0, and 8.0 kg/cow per day; fresh basis) on enteric CH₄ emissions from cows grazing perennial ryegrass-based swards; ² 1000 kg of dry matter (DM)/ha (low herbage mass, LHM) or 2200 kg of DM/ha (high herbage mass, HHM); ³ Diets differed in concentrations of coconut (COC) oil: 0.0 (control) or 1.3, 2.7, or 3.3% COC, DM basis; ⁴ Offered 1 of 4 diets: corn diet of 10.0 kg of DM/d of single-rolled corn grain, 1.8 kg of DM/d of canola meal, 0.2 kg of DM/d of minerals, and 11.0 kg of DM/d of chopped alfalfa hay; a wheat diet (WHT) similar to the corn diet but with the corn replaced by single-rolled wheat; a barley diet (SRB) similar to the corn diet but with the corn replaced by single-rolled barley; and a barley diet (DRB) similar to the corn diet but with the corn replaced by double-rolled barley; ⁵ Monencin = 471 mg/cow/d on top-dressed on 4 kg (DM)/d of rolled barley grain offered in a feed trough twice daily at milking times; ⁶ The two levels of concentrate supplementation (1 vs. 6 kg/animal daily) were randomly allocated within blocks, giving 12 animals per treatment; ⁷ The corn diet included 8.0 kg of DM/d of crushed corn grain, the wheat diet (WHT) included 8.0 kg of DM/d of crushed wheat grain, the corn plus fat diet (CPF) included 8.0 kg of DM/d of crushed corn grain and 0.80 kg/d of canola oil, and the wheat plus fat diet (WPF) included 8.0 kg of DM/d of crushed wheat grain and 0.80 kg/d of canola oil; ⁸ The dietary treatments were: (1) 0% dried distillers’ grains solubles (DDGS), (2) 10% DDGS, (3) 20% DDGS, and (4) 30% DDGS, on a DM basi; ⁹ The dietary treatments were: (1) a commercial source of calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids (CTL), (2) crushed sunflower seeds (SS), (3) crushed flaxseed (FS), and (4) crushed canola seed (CS). The oilseeds added 3.1 to 4.2% fat to the diet (DM basis); ¹⁰ A control diet (CON) based on corn silage (59%) and concentrate (35%), and the same diet supplemented with whole crude linseed (CLS), extruded linseed (ELS), or linseed oil (LSO) at the same fatty acids (FA) level (5% of dietary DM); ¹¹ The mixture of feed additives contained lauric acid, myristic acid, linseed oil, and calcium fumarate. These additives were included at 0.4, 1.2, 1.5, and 0.7% of dietary DM, respectively; ¹² Concentrate:forage ratio: 47:53, 54:46, 61:39, and 68:32, DM basis. Forage consisted of alfalfa silage and corn silage in a 1:1 ratio; ¹³ Diets contained grass silage, corn silage, and a compound feed meal was 70:10:20% on a DM basis, respectively. Treatments consisted of 4 grass silage qualities prepared from a grass harvested from leafy through the late heading stage and offered to dairy cows; ¹⁴ High corn silage (CS) versus high grass silage (GS), without or with added neutral detergent fiber (NDF); ¹⁵ Diets contained 500 g of forage/kg of DM containing corn silage (CS) and grass silage (GS) in proportions (DM basis) of either 75:25 or 25:75 for high CS or high GS diets, respectively. Extruded linseed supplement (275 g/kg ether extract, DM basis) was included in treatment diets at 50 g/kg of DM.; ¹⁶ Corn silage (CS), alfalfa silage (AS), wheat silage (WS), and a typical hay-based diet (alfalfa/Italian ryegrass hays) were used; ¹⁷ Experiment 1 used low essential oil (EO) oregano (0.12% EO of oregano DM) and evaluated a control (C) diet with no oregano and 3 oregano diets with 18 (low; L), 36 (medium; M), and 53 g of oregano DM/kg of dietary DM (high; H). Experiment 2 used high EO oregano (4.21% EO of oregano DM) with 0, 7, 14, and 21 g of oregano DM/kg of dietary DM for C, L, M, and H, respectively. Oregano was added to the diets by substituting grass/clover silage on a DM basis; ¹⁸ Diets containing either urea or 1.5% NO₃− (DM basis; isonitrogenous to control) and without or with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Alltech Inc.); ¹⁹ Treatments were composed of control (CON) diet, which did not contain reduced-fat distiller’s grain and solubles (DDGS), and treatment diets containing 20% (dry matter basis) DDGS (DG), 20% DDGS with 1.38% (dry matter basis) added corn oil (CO), and 20% DDGS with 0.93% (DM basis) added calcium sulfate (CaS); Source: [14,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49].