Table 2.
Learner behavior differences for each variable in each intervention.
| Variable, intervention | Mean (SD)a | t value (df) | P value | Cohen db | |
| Mood | |||||
|
|
Virtual reality drawing | 0.59 (0.5) | 4.842 (15) | <.001 c | 1.21 |
|
|
Conventional drawing | 0.63 (0.8) | 2.953 (15) | .01 c | 0.74 |
| Attention | |||||
|
|
Virtual reality drawing | 0.63 (0.5) | 5.371 (15) | <.001 c | 1.34 |
|
|
Conventional drawing | 0.69 (0.6) | 4.198 (15) | <.001 c | 1.05 |
| Activity | |||||
|
|
Virtual reality drawing | 0.25 (0.4) | 2.449 (15) | .03 c | 0.61 |
|
|
Conventional drawing | 0.09 (0.4) | 0.899 (15) | .38 | 0.22 |
| Impulses | |||||
|
|
Virtual reality drawing | 0.19 (0.4) | 1.861 (15) | .08 | 0.46 |
|
|
Conventional drawing | 0.25 (0.6) | 1.732 (15) | .10 | 0.43 |
| Anxiety | |||||
|
|
Virtual reality drawing | 0.09 (0.4) | 1.000 (15) | .33 | 0.25 |
|
|
Conventional drawing | 0.28 (0.5) | 2.058 (15) | .06 | 0.51 |
| Withdrawal | |||||
|
|
Virtual reality drawing | 0.09 (0.3) | 1.379 (15) | .19 | 0.34 |
|
|
Conventional drawing | 0.38 (0.6) | 2.423 (15) | .03 c | 0.61 |
| Totald | |||||
|
|
Virtual reality drawing | 1.84 (1.5) | 5.020 (15) | <.001 c | 1.25 |
|
|
Conventional drawing | 2.31 (2.5) | 3.720 (15) | .002 c | 0.93 |
aA mean score of 0 represents no change. Higher scores reflect better behavior. If the blinded staff members guessed the activity a participant completed, they were correct only at chance level (17/32, 53%).
bCohen d effect size interpretation: 0.2=small effect size, 0.5=medium effect size, and 0.8=large effect size.
cSignificant values (P<.05) are italicized.
dTotal score indicates the sum of all subscales.