Table 1.

Most relevant preclinical irreversible electroporation (IRE) studies on cardiac tissue.

Study	Vitro/Vivo	Subject	Energy	Monopolar/Bipolar Electrode Configuration	Outcome and Side Effects
Jian et al. [22]	Vitro	HL-1 cell line	200 V; 1000 V/cm	Not specified	Effective lesions created
Krassowska et al. [23]	Vitro	Cardiac strand-2D model	0.4–0.5 V; 25 V/cm	Not specified	Pores in the first layer of cells
Hirano et al. [24]	Vivo	Porcine	Not specified	Bipolar	Healing process with preserved myocardial blood flow and little disruption of endocardium
Lavee et al. [25]	Vivo	Porcine	1500–2000 V	Not specified	Complete transmural destruction of atrial tissue and no local temperature change
Du Pre et al. [26]	Vivo	Porcine	Not specified	Not specified	One third of lesions was transmural, not damages to coronary arteries
Zager et al. [27]	Vivo	Rat	50, 250, 500 V	Not specified	Tissue damage related to pulse voltage
Semenov et al. [28]	Vivo	Rat	20 kV; 36 kV/cm	Not specified	Smaller pore size
Sugrue et al. [29]	Vivo	Canine	750 V	Bipolar	Minimal collateral damage to myocardium
Al-Khadra et al. [30]	Vivo	Rabbit	50–500 V	Bipolar	IRE might transiently reduce myocardial vulnerability to arrhythmias
Stewart et al. [31]	Vivo	Porcine	500 V	Bipolar	Lesions comparable to radiofrequency lesions and had no collateral damage
Neven et al. [32]	Vivo	Porcine	Not specified	Not specified	Thirty-one percent of lesions were transmural. No long-term luminal narrowing was seen.
Hong et al. [33]	Vivo	Ovine	Not specified	Bipolar	Well-demarcated lesions
Padmanabhan et al. [34]	Vivo	Canine	1000 V	Bipolar	Preservation of atrial myocardial architecture and absence of inflammatory reaction and fibrosis.
Wittkampf et al. [35]	Vivo	Porcine	950–2150 V	Monopolar	Lesion would be sufficient for inducing pulmonary vein isolation.