Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants at the baseline examination.
| All | No Medication | Bisphosphonate Usage | Teriparatide Usage | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 93 | 52 | 26 | 15 | ― |
| Age (years) | 112.0 (93.5–122.5) | 115.5 (104.3–129.8) † | 94.5 (79.8–112.5) | 120.0 (88.0–123.0) | 0.001 |
| Men (%) | 34.4 | 44.2 | 23.1 | 20 | 0.079 |
| Height | 156.0 (150.5–162.5) | 157.5 (151.6–166.4) | 152.2 (149.0–159.0) | 153.0 (150.0–162.0) | 0.108 |
| Body weight | 58.0 (51.5–67.0) | 59.5 (55.1–67.0) | 54.0 (48.0–61.3) | 55.0 (48.0–68.0) | 0.067 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.2 ± 3.7 | 24.5 ± 3.3 | 23.9 ± 4.5 | 23.7 ± 3.7 | 0.703 |
| Biguanide (yes, %) | 38.7 | 46.2 | 15.4 | 53.3 | 0.014 |
| Thiazolidinediones (yes, %) | 3.2 | 3.9 | 3.8 | 0 | 0.742 |
| Sulfonylurea (yes, %) | 18.3 | 17.3 | 30.8 | 0 | 0.047 |
| Glinide (yes, %) | 7.5 | 9.6 | 7.7 | 0 | 0.461 |
| DPP4 inhibitor (yes, %) | 45.2 | 38.5 | 57.7 | 46.7 | 0.272 |
| SGLT2 inhibitor (yes, %) | 15.1 | 13.5 | 7.7 | 33.3 | 0.077 |
| α glucosidase inhibitor (yes, %) | 16.1 | 17.3 | 19.2 | 6.7 | 0.540 |
| GLP-1 receptor agonist (yes, %) | 30.1 | 36.5 | 23.1 | 20 | 0.307 |
| Insulin (yes, %) | 25.8 | 28.9 | 30.8 | 6.7 | 0.178 |
| Exercise (yes, %) | 43 | 40.4 | 50 | 40 | 0.698 |
| Smoking states | 0.450 | ||||
| Never-smoker (%) | 67.7 | 63.5 | 80.8 | 60 | |
| Ex-smoker (%) | 20.4 | 25.0 | 11.5 | 20 | |
| Current smoker (%) | 11.8 | 11.5 | 7.7 | 20 | |
| Neuropathy (yes, %) | 15.1 | 17.3 | 15.4 | 6.7 | 0.596 |
| Nephropathy (yes, %) | 41.9 | 46.2 | 38.5 | 33.3 | 0.617 |
| Retinopathy (yes, %) | 20.4 | 23.1 | 19.2 | 13.3 | 0.701 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.20 (6.80–7.80) | 7.30 (6.80–7.75) | 7.25 (6.80–7.95) | 7.00 (6.40–7.60) | 0.450 |
| Duration of diabetes | 12.00 (5.00–18.50) | 13.00 (5.25–18.75) | 13.50 (7.25–20.50) | 8.00 (4.00–13.00) | 0.233 |
| Trabecular bone score (n = 92) | 1.32 ± 0.10 | 1.35 ± 0.10 ‡ | 1.30± 0.09 | 1.28 ± 0.08 | 0.011 |
| Bone mineral density of the lumbar spine | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.2 †‡ | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | <0.001 |
| Bone mineral density of the whole femur | 0.70 (0.66–0.87) | 0.83 (0.72–0.92) †‡ | 0.68 (0.62–0.77) | 0.72 (0.62–0.79) | <0.0001 |
| Bone mineral density of the femoral neck | 0.61 (0.54–0.72) | 0.69 (0.56–0.76) †‡ | 0.54 (0.47–0.60) | 0.56 (0.50–0.61) | <0.0001 |
Data are percent of subjects or mean ± SD. p values by one-way analysis of variance for continuous variables or Kruskal–Wallis test and chi-squared test for categorical variables. The analyses of continuous variables among the three groups were performed by Tukey HSD test or steel Dwass test: †, p < 0.05 versus bisphosphonate, ‡, p < 0.05 versus teriparatide. DPP4, Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4; SGLT2, Sodium-glucose transporter 2; GLP-1, Glucagon-like peptide-1.