Table 7.
Effects of a fat substitute (hydrogel emulsion with encapsulated oil and acai extract) on the fatty acid profile of raw and grilled burgers at 0, 4, and 8 days of storage in cold conditions.
| Raw Burger | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| G | GT | GE | GET | CT | CO | |
| SFA | ||||||
| 0 | 38.2 ± 0.46 A | 36.3 ± 2.62 A,B | 35.0 ± 0.51 B | 38.9 ± 1.00 A | 39.4 ± 0.37 A | 32.7 ± 0.18 C |
| 4 | 41.5 ± 0.16 B | 40.7 ± 0.52 B | 41.6 ± 1.61 B | 42.7 ± 0.62 B | 50.1 ± 0.03 A | 37.7 ± 0.29 C |
| 8 | 43.8 ± 0.60 B | 45.3 ± 1.08 B | 40.3 ± 0.48 C | 44.1 ± 1.65 B | 50.5 ± 0.64 A | 51.6 ± 2.13 A |
| MUFA | ||||||
| 0 | 35.9 ± 0.26 D | 43.4 ± 2.47 B | 39.7 ± 0.32 B | 41.2 ± 0.92 B | 58.8 ± 0.45 A | 37.5 ± 0.42 C |
| 4 | 36.7 ± 1.26 C | 39.9 ± 0.26 B | 32.5 ± 0.52 E | 38.2 ± 0.27 C | 48.5 ± 0.01 A | 34.2 ± 0.79 D |
| 8 | 33.6 ± 1.09 C | 36.5 ± 0.51 B | 36.7 ± 0.55 B | 37.1 ± 1.32 B | 48.0 ± 0.68 A | 28.9 ± 1.70 D |
| PUFA | ||||||
| 0 | 25.4 ± 0.78 B | 19.7 ± 0.12 C | 24.8 ± 0.14 B | 19.5 ± 0.07 C | 1.0 ± 0.02 D | 28.8 ± 0.10 A |
| 4 | 21.4 ± 1.39 C | 18.9 ± 0.75 D | 24.0 ± 1.09 B | 18.7 ± 0.67 D | 0.9 ± 0.01 E | 27.6 ± 0.51 A |
| 8 | 20.2 ± 1.69 B | 17.7 ± 0.58 C | 22.6 ± 0.10 A | 18.3 ± 0.21 C | 1.0 ± 0.02 D | 19.1 ± 0.44 B |
| CLA | ||||||
| 0 | 0.46 ± 0.06 C | 0.57 ± 0.04 B | 0.50 ± 0.05 C | 0.49 ± 0.01 C | 0.72 ± 0.06 A | 0.49 ± 0.00 C |
| 4 | 0.50 ± 0.02 A | 0.48 ± 0.04 B | 0.38 ± 0.00 C | 0.45 ± 0.00 B | 0.54 ± 0.01 A | 0.40 ± 0.02 C |
| 8 | 0.45 ± 0.00 B | 0.41 ± 0.01 B | 0.41 ± 0.03 B | 0.47 ± 0.06 A,B | 0.54 ± 0.02 A | 0.40 ± 0.01 B |
| ∑ n3 | ||||||
| 0 | 3.24 ± 0.46 B | 3.16 ± 0.06 B | 3.95 ± 0.16 A | 3.25 ± 0.01 B | 0.52 ± 0.01 C | 0.58 ± 0.04 C |
| 4 | 3.15 ± 0.69 A,B | 2.69 ± 0.46 B | 3.91 ± 0.16 A | 3.12 ± 0.05 B | 0.46 ± 0.01 D | 0.53 ± 0.01 C |
| 8 | 3.33 ± 0.72 A | 2.18 ± 0.07 B | 3.53 ± 0.05 A | 3.15 ± 0.27 A | 0.60 ± 0.07 C | 0.46 ± 0.05 D |
| ∑ n6 | ||||||
| 0 | 21.98 ± 0.31 B | 16.35 ± 0.11 C | 20.65 ± 0.02 B | 16.00 ± 0.06 C | 0.31 ± 0.02 D | 28.01 ± 0.06 A |
| 4 | 18.01 ± 0.69 C | 16.04 ± 0.28 D | 19.88 ± 0.92 B | 15.40 ± 0.62 D | 0.30 ± 0.00 E | 26.88 ± 0.50 A |
| 8 | 18.73 ± 0.96 A | 15.39 ± 0.51 B | 18.86 ± 0.06 A | 16.48 ± 1.44 A,B | 0.25 ± 0.05 C | 18.45 ± 0.51 A |
| ∑ n6/ ∑ n3 | ||||||
| 0 | 6.92 ± 0.89 B | 5.18 ± 0.03 C | 5.24 ± 0.22 C | 4.92 ± 0.01 C | 0.60 ± 0.04 D | 48.29 ± 3.04 A |
| 4 | 5.95 ± 1.08 B | 6.12 ± 0.93 B | 5.09 ± 0.03 C | 4.94 ± 0.12 C | 0.66 ± 0.02 D | 50.57 ± 0.35 A |
| 8 | 5.84 ± 0.98 C | 7.06 ± 0.01 B | 5.35 ± 0.05 C | 5.23 ± 0.00 C | 0.44 ± 0.13 D | 41.22 ± 5.84 A |
| Tl | ||||||
| 0 | 0.95 ± 0.05 B | 0.88 ± 0.09 B,C | 0.80 ± 0.02 C | 0.97 ± 0.04 B | 1.16 ± 0.02 A | 0.91 ± 0.00 B |
| 4 | 1.08 ± 0.06 B | 1.09 ± 0.06 B | 1.10 ± 0.08 B | 1.13 ± 0.02 B | 1.78 ± 0.01 A | 1.13 ± 0.01 B |
| 8 | 1.17 ± 0.09 D | 1.34 ± 0.06 C | 1.01 ± 0.02 D | 1.17 ± 0.01 D | 1.72 ± 0.02 B | 1.99 ± 0.15 A |
| Al | ||||||
| 0 | 0.49 ± 0.01 B | 0.54 ± 0.04 B | 0.49 ± 0.01 B | 0.55 ± 0.01 B | 0.69 ± 0.04 A | 0.44 ± 0.03 C |
| 4 | 0.58 ± 0.01 B | 0.57 ± 0.01 B | 0.52 ± 0.02 B | 0.60 ± 0.00 B | 0.85 ± 0.00 A | 0.49 ± 0.00 B |
| 8 | 0.59 ± 0.02 CD | 0.65 ± 0.03 C | 0.54 ± 0.00 D | 0.61 ± 0.02 C | 0.90 ± 0.02 A | 0.72 ± 0.09 B |
| h/H | ||||||
| 0 | 2.53 ± 0.01 B | 2.37 ± 0.21 B,C | 2.59 ± 0.02 B | 2.21 ± 0.06 C | 1.77 ± 0.08 C | 2.93 ± 0.03 A |
| 4 | 2.14 ± 0.02 B | 2.11 ± 0.02 B | 2.29 ± 0.10 B | 1.99 ± 0.01 C | 1.33 ± 0.01 D | 2.50 ± 0.01 A |
| 8 | 2.06 ± 0.10 B | 1.89 ± 0.08 C | 2.24 ± 0.03 A | 1.91 ± 0.02 C | 1.25 ± 0.02 D | 1.63 ± 0.19 C |
| Grilled Burger | ||||||
| G | GT | GE | GET | CT | CO | |
| SFA | ||||||
| 0 | 42.93 ± 0.69 A | 40.86 ± 2.47 A | 50.20 ± 1.25 A | 48.88 ± 4.36 A | 50.21 ± 1.06 A | 47.47 ± 10.32 A |
| 4 | 43.81 ± 1.28 A,B,C | 41.06 ± 1.86 B,C | 38.56 ± 1.89 C | 45.35 ± 0.83 A,B | 50.21 ± 1.67 A | 42.85 ± 1.84 B,C |
| 8 | 43.92 ± 0.71 A | 40.86 ± 2.47 A | 51.66 ± 0.81 A | 47.48 ± 2.38 A | 50.04 ± 0.84 A | 51.41 ± 15.90 A |
| MUFA | ||||||
| 0 | 34.06 ± 3.32 B,C | 38.54 ± 0.57 A,B | 31.52 ± 2.71 B,C | 32.32 ± 0.27 B,C | 46.85 ± 1.32 A | 28.64 ± 2.58 C |
| 4 | 34.94 ± 0.11 B | 39.55 ± 0.90 B | 37.00 ± 1.74 B | 35.81 ± 1.53 B | 47.95 ± 0.74 A | 40.66 ± 2.50 B |
| 8 | 35.33 ± 1.50 B,C | 38.34 ± 0.85 B | 32.73 ± 0.99 C,D | 32.32 ± 0.27 C,D | 47.36 ± 0.60 A | 28.64 ± 2.58 D |
| PUFA | ||||||
| 0 | 20.55 ± 0.53 A | 19.40 ± 0.36 A | 19.86 ± 1.49 A | 18.73 ± 4.20 A | 2.76 ± 0.00 B | 12.65 ± 3.00 A |
| 4 | 21.25 ± 1.39 B | 18.46 ± 0.36 B,C | 27.01 ± 0.00 A | 17.89 ± 1.01 C | 3.91 ± 0, 03 D | 18.27 ± 0.22 C |
| 8 | 20.75 ± 0.79 A | 19.40 ± 0.36 A | 20.11 ± 1.14 A | 20.20 ± 2.11 A | 2.77 ± 0.00 C | 12.65 ± 3.00 B |
| CLA | ||||||
| 0 | 0.21 ± 0.04 B | 0.26 ± 0.02 A,B | 0.26 ± 0.02 A,B | 0.20 ± 0.01 B | 0.33 ± 0.03 A | 0.23 ± 0.04 A,B |
| 4 | 0.25 ± 0.01 A | 0.27 ± 0.03 A | 0.30 ± 0.03 A | 0.24 ± 0.01 A | 0.32 ± 0.02 A | 0.25 ± 0.04 A |
| 8 | 0.21 ± 0.04 B | 0.26 ± 0.02 A,B | 0.25 ± 0.02 A,B | 0.20 ± 0.01 B | 0.33 ± 0.03 A | 0.23 ± 0.04 A,B |
| ∑ n3 | ||||||
| 0 | 3.56 ± 0.13 A | 2.80 ± 0.61 A | 3.28 ± 0.21 A | 3.45 ± 0.37 A | 0.46 ± 0.03 B | 0.61 ± 0.27 B |
| 4 | 3.40 ± 0.41 A,B | 2.51 ± 0.01 B | 4.26 ± 0.00 A | 3.95 ± 0.53 A | 0.52 ± 0.08 C | 0.74 ± 0.03 C |
| 8 | 3.03 ± 0.63 A | 3.01 ± 0.32 A | 3.28 ± 0.21 A | 3.45 ± 0.37 A | 0.46 ± 0.03 B | 0.48 ± 0.09 B |
| ∑ n6 | ||||||
| 0 | 16.34 ± 0.49 A | 15.96 ± 0.28 A | 15.31 ± 0.38 A | 14.89 ± 3.55 A | 1.76 ± 0.24 B | 11.59 ± 2.83 A |
| 4 | 19.28 ± 4.15 A,B | 15.29 ± 0.35 A,B | 22.05 ± 0.00 A | 13.32 ± 0.52 B | 2.49 ± 0.38 C | 16.78 ± 0.10 A,B |
| 8 | 17.07 ± 1.51 A | 17.53 ± 2.51 A | 16.02 ± 1.27 A | 16.19 ± 1.71 A | 1.59 ± 0.01 C | 11.59 ± 2.83 B |
| ∑ n6/ ∑ n3 | ||||||
| 0 | 4.59 ± 0.03 C | 6.86 ± 0.09 B | 4.96 ± 0.03 B,C | 4.61 ± 0.12 C | 3.77 ± 0.27 C | 24.08 ± 1.33 A |
| 4 | 5.48 ± 0.76 B,C | 6.10 ± 0.11 B | 5.18 ± 0.00 B,C,D | 3.39 ± 0.32 D | 3.70 ± 0.20 C,D | 22.55 ± 0.88 A |
| 8 | 5.82 ± 1.71 B | 5.90 ± 1.45 B | 4.96 ± 0.02 B | 4.64 ± 0.07 B | 3.60 ± 0.02 B | 24.08 ± 1.33 A |
| Tl | ||||||
| 0 | 1.19 ± 0.08 A | 1.09 ± 0.11 A | 1.38 ± 0.21 A | 1.42 ± 0.29 A | 1.90 ± 0.03 A | 2.16 ± 0.33 A |
| 4 | 1.02 ± 0.26 B | 1.15 ± 0.02 B | 0.85 ± 0.00 B | 1.18 ± 0.08 B | 1.87 ± 0.14 A | 1.37 ± 0.11 A,B |
| 8 | 1.19 ± 0.09 A | 1.14 ± 0.03 A | 1.60 ± 0.52 A | 1.32 ± 0.15 A | 1.87 ± 0.07 A | 2.16 ± 0.33 A |
| Al | ||||||
| 0 | 0.63 ± 0.01 A | 0.58 ± 0.03 A | 0.63 ± 0.02 A | 0.70 ± 0.17 A | 0.85 ± 0.01 A | 0.94 ± 0.14 A |
| 4 | 0.54 ± 0.11 A,B | 0.57 ± 0.04 A,B | 0.50 ± 0.00 B | 0.65 ± 0.09 A,B | 0.76 ± 0.03 A | 0.57 ± 0.00 A,B |
| 8 | 0.62 ± 0.02 A | 0.56 ± 0.05 A | 0.69 ± 0.10 A | 0.58 ± 0.05 A | 0.84 ± 0.02 A | 0.79 ± 0.35 A |
| h/H | ||||||
| 0 | 1.93 ± 0.04 A | 2.09 ± 0.12 A | 1.91 ± 0.06 A | 1.98 ± 0.11 A | 1.32 ± 0.00 B | 1.21 ± 0.20 B |
| 4 | 2.38 ± 0.35 A | 2.17 ± 0.15 A,B | 2.50 ± 0.00 A | 1.82 ± 0.30 A,B | 1.42 ± 0.20 B | 2.11 ± 0.01 A,B |
| 8 | 2.00 ± 0.05 A | 2.17 ± 0.23 A | 1.85 ± 0.15 A,B | 1.98 ± 0.11 A | 1.34 ± 0.02 B,C | 1.21 ± 0.20 C |
A–E Mean values between variants on the same storage day with different letters indicate a significant difference. SFA—saturated fatty acid; MUFA—monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA—polyunsaturated fatty acid; CLA—conjugated linoleic acid; Al—atherogenic index; Tl—thrombogenicity index; h/H—hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratio; G—encapsulated oil; GT—encapsulated oil + tallow; GE—encapsulated oil with açai extract; GET—encapsulated oil with açai extract + tallow; CT—control with tallow, CO—control with oil.