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. 2022 Apr 22;8(1):dvac007. doi: 10.1093/eep/dvac007

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© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Fig 1. — Events in the simulation model. Each individual lives for five timesteps. In the first timestep, individuals can use epigenetic changes inherited from their parents to modify their phenotype and pay a fitness cost of k_e for this action. Epigenetic modifications are reset at the end of this step. In the next timestep, individuals can use developmental plasticity to adjust their phenotype based on an observed environmental cue, with a fitness cost of k_d. In Timesteps 3–5, individuals can use reversible plasticity to further adjust their phenotype based on the observed cues, with a fitness of cost of k_a for each adjustment. After Timestep 5, any potential epigenetic modifications are set based on an observed environmental cue from Timestep 5. Then, fitness is calculated for each individual, individuals produce offspring in proportion to their fitness, population regulation happens, and next generation is formed. Then, new mutations are produced in those individuals and the cycle starts again.