Table 1.

Parameters used in the simulation model.

Parameter	Explanation	Value
L	Number of timesteps in each generation	5
n g	Number of generations	3000 or 1500
R	Parameter determining rate of environmental change relative to generation time	Varied
P	Predictability of the environment	Varied
σ E	Standard deviation of random environmental variation	0.1
l a	Number of loci for intercept effect	10
l b	Number of loci for slope effect	10
l d	Number of loci for probability of plastic adjustment	10
l e	Number of loci for probability of epigenetic modification	10
l h	Number of loci for genetic component of developmental variation	10
n c	Number of linkage groups	5
τ	Intensity of selection	0.25
k e	Fitness cost of phenotypic adjustment by epigenetics	Varied
k d	Fitness cost of developmental plasticity	Varied
k a	Fitness cost of reversible plasticity	Varied
N R	Mean number of offspring produced by an individual	5
K	Population carrying capacity	5000
n xo	Mean number of crossovers between homologous chromosomes	1.56
µ	Mutation rate per locus per generation	10−4
σ α	Standard deviation of mutational effects	1