Table 2.
Perceived Stress Score (PSS) by year.
| Perceived Stress Score (PSS) | 2012 |
2018 |
P-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 800) | (n = 1065) | |||
| Median, Mean ± standard deviation, (Range) | 13, 13.5 ± 6.7 (8–39) |
16, 16.0 ± 6.6 (6–37) |
<0.0001 | |
| (n = 809) | (n = 1088) | |||
| In the last month, how often have you been upset because of something that happened unexpectedly? | Number (% Frequency) | Number (% Frequency) | ||
| Never | 92 (11.4) | 66 (6.1%) | <0.0001 | |
| Almost never | 317 (39.2) | 351 (32.3%) | 0.0018 | |
| Sometimes | 319 (39.4) | 497 (45.7%) | 0.0066 | |
| Fairly often | 65 (8.0) | 145 (13.3%) | 0.0003 | |
| Very often | 16 (2.0) | 29 (2.7%) | 0.3304 | |
| (n = 808) | (n = 1087) | |||
| In the last month, how often have you felt you were unable to control the important things in your life? | Never | 165 (20.4) | 90 (8.3%) | <0.0001 |
| Almost never | 278 (34.4) | 360 (33.1%) | 0.5576 | |
| Sometimes | 250 (30.9) | 423 (38.9%) | 0.0003 | |
| Fairly often | 70 (8.7) | 159 (14.6%) | <0.0001 | |
| Very often | 45 (5.6) | 55 (5.1%) | 0.6237 | |
| (n = 810) | (n = 1088) | |||
| In the last month, how often have you felt nervous or “stressed”? | Never | 28 (3.5) | 20 (1.8%) | 0.0263 |
| Almost never | 149 (18.4) | 158 (14.5%) | 0.0234 | |
| Sometimes | 354 (43.7) | 453 (41.6%) | 0.3675 | |
| Fairly often | 211 (26.1) | 326 (30.0%) | 0.0612 | |
| Very often | 68 (8.4) | 131 (12.0%) | 0.0103 | |
| (n = 809) | (n = 1087) | |||
| In the last month, how often have you felt confident about your ability to handle your personal problems? | Never | 8 (1.0) | 8 (0.8%) | 0.5503 |
| Almost never | 10 (1.2) | 38 (3.5%) | 0.0020 | |
| Sometimes | 109 (13.5) | 239 (22.0%) | <0.0001 | |
| Fairly often | 331 (40.9) | 471 (43.3%) | 0.3002 | |
| Very often | 351 (43.4) | 332 (30.5%) | <0.0001 | |
| (n = 809) | (n = 1086) | |||
| In the last month, how often have you felt that things were going your way? | Never | 2 (0.3) | 11 (1.0%) | 0.0458 |
| Almost never | 39 (4.8) | 76 (7.0%) | 0.0496 | |
| Sometimes | 212 (26.2) | 416 (38.3%) | <0.0001 | |
| Fairly often | 383 (47.3) | 464 (42.7%) | 0.0456 | |
| Very often | 173 (21.4) | 119 (11.0%) | <0.0001 | |
| (n = 809) | (n = 1085) | |||
| In the last month, how often have you found that you could not cope with all the things that you had to do? | Never | 192 (23.7) | 183 (16.8%) | 0.0002 |
| Almost never | 304 (37.6) | 376 (34.6%) | 0.1799 | |
| Sometimes | 229 (28.3) | 354 (32.6%) | 0.0468 | |
| Fairly often | 62 (7.7) | 129 (11.9%) | 0.0026 | |
| Very often | 22 (2.7) | 45 (4.1%) | 0.0975 | |
| (n = 809) | (n = 1083) | |||
| In the last month, how often have you been able to control irritations in your life? | Never | 5 (0.6) | 8 (0.7) | 0.7533 |
| Almost never | 35 (4.3) | 62 (5.7) | 0.1724 | |
| Sometimes | 195 (24.1) | 363 (33.5) | <0.0001 | |
| Fairly often | 350 (43.3) | 470 (43.4) | 0.9534 | |
| Very often | 224 (27.7) | 180 (16.6) | <0.0001 | |
| (n = 810) | (1089) | |||
| In the last month, how often have you felt that you were on top of things? | Never | 13 (1.6) | 29 (2.7) | 0.1210 |
| Almost never | 86 (10.6) | 182 (16.7) | 0.0002 | |
| Sometimes | 231 (28.5) | 389 (35.7) | 0.0009 | |
| Fairly often | 328 (40.5) | 377 (34.6) | 0.0088 | |
| Very often | 152 (18.8) | 112 (10.3) | <0.0001 | |
| (n = 810) | (n = 1089) | |||
| In the last month, how often have you been angered because of things that were outside your control? | Never | 102 (12.6) | 76 (7.0) | <0.0001 |
| Almost never | 305 (37.7) | 342 (31.4) | 0.0045 | |
| Sometimes | 321 (39.6) | 510 (46.8) | 0.0018 | |
| Fairly often | 69 (8.5) | 127 (11.7) | <0.0001 | |
| Very often | 13 (1.6) | 34 (3.1) | 0.0353 | |
| (n = 811) | (1090) | |||
| In the last month, how often have you felt difficulties were piling up so high that you could not overcome them? | Never | 208 (25.7) | 186 (17.1) | <0.0001 |
| Almost never | 319 (39.3) | 381 (35.0) | 0.0502 | |
| Sometimes | 213 (26.3) | 357 (32.8) | 0.0023 | |
| Fairly often | 56 (6.9) | 127 (11.7) | 0.0005 | |
| Very often | 15 (1.9) | 39 (3.6) | 0.0248 | |