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Assisted fertilization methods. (a) Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) involves the injection of a single spermatozoon into an oocyte cytoplasm using a glass micropipette. (b) Standard in vitro fertilization (IVF), where oocytes are incubated with sperm in a Petri dish, and the sperm cell fertilizes the oocyte naturally. Reprint with permission from Ref [43].
