Figure 1.

A proposed model for trap formation in NT fungi using A. oligospora as an example. CM, cell membrane; α, β, and γ, G-protein subunits; AC, adenylate cyclase; cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate; PKA, protein kinase A; RGSs, regulators of G-protein signaling; RIC8, resistance to inhibitors of cholinesterase; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; STE20, serine/threonine protein kinase; TOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; MSB2, mucin family signaling protein; SSK1, response regulator; TFs, transcription factors; P, phosphorylation.