2k2c	two-kidney, two-clip;
5-FU	5-fluorouracil;
ACh	acetylcholine;
Ac-H3	acetylated histone H3;
ACTH	adrenocorticotrophic hormone;
AD	Alzheimer’s disease;
ADR	Adriamycin;
ALI	acute lung injury;
AMP	adenosine monophosphate;
AMPK	adenosine 5‘-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase;
APP	Aβ-protein precursor;
Aβ	amyloid β;
BASMCs	basilar artery smooth muscle cells;
BAVSMCs	basilar arterial vascular smooth muscle cells;
BBB	blood–brain barrier;
Bax	Bcl2-Associated X;
Bcl-2	B-cell lymphoma-2;
BDNF	brain-derived neurotrophic factor;
Bmi-1	B cell-specific MLV insertion site-1;
C/EBP	CCAAT/enhancer binding protein;
CA4P	combretastatin A4 phosphate;
CaM	calmodulin;
CCH	chronic cerebral hypoperfusion;
CDX-2	caudal type homeobox 2;
ChAT	choline O-Acetyltransferase;
COX	cyclooxygenase;
CREB	cAMP-response element binding protein;
CRS	chronic restraint stress;
CPA	combination of Panax ginseng and Angelica sinensis;
cTnI	cardiac troponin I;
DAPK1	death associated protein kinase 1;
Drp1	dynamin-related protein 1;
DSS	dextran sulfate sodium;
EAE	experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis;
EAN	experimental autoimmune neuritis;
ERK	extracellular regulated protein kinases;
EGFR	epidermal growth factor receptor;
EMT	epithelial–mesenchymal transition;
E. coli	Escherichia coli;
FGA	floralginsenoside A;
fRG	fermented red ginseng;
GAP-43	growth associated protein-43;
GBS	Guillain–Barré syndrome;
GS-E3D	pectin-lyase-modified ginseng;
GSH	glutathione;
GSSG	oxidized glutathione;
GSH-Px	glutathione peroxidase;
HDAC2	histone deacetylase 2;
HO-1	heme oxygenase-1;
HPLC	high performance liquid chromatography;
hiPSCs	human induced pluripotent stem cells;
hTERT	human telomerase reverse transcriptase;
HUVECs	human umbilical vascular endothelial cells;
HFs	hair follicles;
IBD	inflammatory bowel disease;
iNOS	inducible nitric-oxide synthase;
IRI	ischemia-reperfusion injury;
i.p.	intraperitoneal;
i.v.	intravenous;
i.g.	intragastrically;
IS	immobilization stress;
JNK	c-Jun N-terminal kinase;
KPCs	keratinocyte progenitor cells;
KA	kainic acid;
Cyt c	cytochrome c;
DMD	Duchenne muscular dystrophy;
LPS	lipopolysaccharide;
LVEF	left ventricular ejection fraction;
MDR1	multidrug resistance protein 1;
MI/R	myocardial ischemia- reperfusion;
MMP	mitochondrial membrane potential;
MEK	methyl ethyl ketone;
MS	multiple sclerosis;
Msi-1	Musashi-1;
MPO	myeloperoxidase;
MPP+	1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium;
MPMC	mouse peritoneal mast cells;
MC2R	melanocortin 2 receptor;
MCAO	middle cerebral artery occlusion;
MDA	malondialdehyde;
mTOR	mammalian target of rapamycin;
NHA	normal human astrocytes;
NEIL	Nei-like DNA glycosylase;
NF-κB	nuclear factor kappa-B;
NGF	nerve growth factor;
NLRP3	nod-like receptor protein 3;
NMDA	N-methyl-D-aspartic acid;
TMT	trimethyltin;
Tt-Afs	thermostable α-l-arabinofuranosidase;
TRPM7	transient receptor potential melastatin 7;
NMDAR	N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor;
Nr4a1	nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 1;
NRCMs	neonatal rat cardiac myocytes;
NRF2	nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2;
NIHL	noise-induced hearing loss;
NSC	neural stem cell;
NSCLC	non-small-cell lung cancer;
OA	okadaic acid;
ox-LDL	oxidized low density lipoprotein;
PD	Parkinson’s disease;
LDH	lactate dehydrogenase;
LDL	low-density lipoprotein;
PGE2	prostaglandin E2;
LC-ESI-MS/MS	liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry
PPD	protopanaxadiol;
Rd	ginsenoside Rd;
ROS	reactive oxygen species;
ROCC	receptor-operated Ca2+ channels;
sAPPα	soluble amyloid precursor protein alpha;
SCI	spinal cord injury;
SD rats	Sprague–Dawley rats;
SIRT1	sirtuin 1 SAM, senescence-accelerated mice;
SR-A	scavenger receptor A;
STAT3	signal transducer and activator of transcription 3;
SMI	Shenmai injection;
PKA	protein kinase A;
SFI	Shenfu injection;
SOCC	store-operated Ca2+ channels;
TUNEL	TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling;
TG	total ginsenoside;
TNBS	2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid;
TLC	thin-layer chromatography;
TNBS	2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid;
Treg	regulatory T cells;
TRPM7	transient receptor potential melastatin 7;
PP-2A	protein phosphatase 2A;
SOD	superoxide dismutase;
OVX	mice, ovariectomy mice;
PGC-1α	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α;
TGF-β	transforming growth factor-β;
Th17	T helper cell 17;
Tt-Afs	thermostable α-l-arabinofuranosidase;
TNF-α	tumor necrosis factor-α;
ULK1	unc-51-like autophagy activating kinase 1;
VAChT	vesicular acetylcholine transporter;
VDCC	voltage dependent Ca2+ channel;
GTSSL	total saponins in the stems-leaves of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer.