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. 2022 Apr 18;11(8):2264. doi: 10.3390/jcm11082264

Table 4.

Initial and follow-up results of subtests of the CNT for controls and PSD patients.

Controls PSD Patients p Value 2
NoImp Imp p Value 1 All
Language memory
digit span forward
 Initial 30.4 ± 5.1 29.2 ± 4.2 32.2 ± 7.3 0.090 30.9 ± 5.9 0.869
 Follow-up 31.5 ± 6.9 29.0 ± 3.2 35.1 ± 5.2 0.017 * 31.5 ± 6.9 0.592
 Gain 2.3 ± 3.3 0.5 ± 2.2 1.4 ± 5.2 0.728 0.8 ± 3.3 0.105
 p value 3 0.005 * 0.465 1.00 0.483
Language memory
digit span backward
 Initial 29.9 ± 5.6 28.3 ± 2.5 30.4 ± 7.4 0.689 29.2 ± 5.1 0.934
 Follow-up 33.0 ± 11.2 29.0 ± 4.8 35.6 ± 8.2 0.013 * 32.0 ± 7.8 1.000
 Gain 3.9 ± 8.4 1.1 ± 2.8 7.0 ± 8.3 0.090 3.4 ± 6.1 0.847
 p value 3 0.005 * 0.180 0.046 * 0.017 *
Visual memory
visual span forward
 Initial 30.7 ± 7.5 28.9 ± 3.0 33.5 ± 9.3 0.201 30.8 ± 6.7 0.820
 Follow-up 32.0 ± 7.8 29.6 ± 3.4 32.6 ± 7.6 0.496 30.8 ± 5.4 0.684
 Gain 2.7 ± 6.3 1.1 ± 2.9 −0.9 ± 5.6 0.619 0.3 ± 6.3 0.373
 p value 3 0.016 * 0.225 1.00 0.440
Visual memory
visual span backward
 Initial 30.6 ± 6.1 28.8 ± 3.0 32.9 ± 8.0 0.215 30.5 ± 5.9 0.650
 Follow-up 32.0 ± 5.9 29.8 ± 4.3 34.7 ± 10.6 0.230 31.7 ± 7.5 0.593
 Gain 2.5 ± 4.6 0.6 ± 4.8 1.4 ± 5.7 0.814 0.9 ± 5.0 0.424
 p value 3 0.012 * 0.439 0.465 0.323
Auditory attention
correct response
 Initial 29.8 ± 6.6 27.8 ± 3.2 29.0 ± 3.2 0.399 28.3 ± 4.1 0.320
 Follow-up 31.9 ± 11.2 31.9 ± 7.0 36.1 ± 18.3 1.000 33.3 ± 12.3 0.361
 Gain 3.7 ± 7.7 3.6 ± 5.0 6.7 ± 12.1 0.826 4.9 ± 8.4 0.465
 p value 3 0.027 * 0.068 0.102 0.027 *
Auditory attention
commission error
 Initial 29.8 ± 6.6 27.8 ± 3.2 29.0 ± 3.2 0.399 28.3 ± 4.1 0.320
 Follow-up 31.9 ± 11.2 31.9 ± 7.0 36.1 ± 18.3 1.000 33.6 ± 12.6 0.361
 Gain 3.7 ± 7.7 3.6 ± 5.0 6.7 ± 12.1 0.826 4.9 ± 8.4 0.465
 p value 3 0.027 * 0.068 0.102 0.027 *
Auditory attention
omission error
 Initial 38.1 ± 17.2 34.5 ± 14.8 33.6 ± 13.7 0.723 28.7 ± 5.7 0.481
 Follow-up 36.0 ± 15.1 41.3 ± 21.3 36.3 ± 18.5 0.711 31.2 ± 9.4 0.892
 Gain −5.9 ± 22.5 5.5 ± 10.5 5.7 ± 16.0 0.585 1.4 ± 10.7 0.052
 p value 3 0.221 0.109 0.414 0.075
Auditory attention
correct time SD
 Initial 38.1 ± 17.2 34.5 ± 14.8 33.6 ± 13.7 0.773 34.1 ± 14.1 0.232
 Follow-up 36.1 ± 15.1 41.3 ± 21.3 36.3 ± 18.5 0.740 39.2 ± 19.8 0.924
 Gain −7.5 ± 21.7 6.1 ± 10.9 5.7 ± 16.0 0.521 5.9 ± 12.9 0.026 *
 p value 3 0.026 * 0.068 0.414 0.085
Visual attention
correct response
 Initial 33.2 ± 12.7 30.1 ± 9.9 35.4 ± 11.9 0.308 31.4 ± 11.1 0.617
 Follow-up 38.7 ± 14.5 37.7 ± 19.2 34.1 ± 16.0 0.669 36.2 ± 17.5 0.202
 Gain 9.0 ± 13.2 11.6 ± 19.2 −2.4 ± 5.8 0.041 * 5.4 ± 16.2 0.174
 p value 3 0.006 * 0.078 0.197 0.026 *
Visual attention
commission error
 Initial 33.4 ± 13.1 30.1 ± 10.7 32.4 ± 12.0 0.381 31.1 ± 11.1 0.223
 Follow-up 38.7 ± 14.5 37.7 ± 19.2 34.1 ± 16.0 0.606 36.2 ± 17.5 0.072
 Gain 9.3 ± 13.9 10.1 ± 18.7 −1.3 ± 5.3 0.138 5.4 ± 15.5 0.049 *
 p value 3 0.006 * 0.078 0.414 0.288
Visual attention
omission error
 Initial 38.2 ± 18.2 30.1 ± 12.5 30.9 ± 11.9 0.481 30.5 ± 12.0 0.027 *
 Follow-up 40.4 ± 20.5 31.0 ± 6.8 33.1 ± 16.3 0.396 31.9 ± 11.2 0.303
 Gain 1.0 ± 20.7 4.0 ± 6.8 −1.1 ± 22.6 0.253 1.9 ± 15.0 0.677
 p value 3 0.671 0.066 0.655 0.344
Visual attention
correct time SD
 Initial 29.6 ± 5.8 29.3 ± 4.1 30.6 ± 6.4 0.651 29.9 ± 5.2 0.640
 Follow-up 30.3 ± 4.6 29.5 ± 3.1 31.6 ± 6.3 0.622 30.5 ± 4.8 0.885
 Gain 3.8 ± 7.7 0.4 ± 6.3 1.3 ± 2.9 0.763 0.8 ± 4.9 0.438
 p value 3 0.010 * 0.468 0.257 0.205

Note: Values are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. 1 p values between participants in the NoImp and Imp groups determined by the Mann–Whitney U test, 2 p values between participants in the control and PSD groups determined by the Mann–Whitney U test, 3 p values between initial and follow-up values determined by the Wilcoxon sum rank test, * p < 0.05. Abbreviations: PSD = poststroke depression; NoImp = PSD patients showing no symptom improvement; Imp = PSD patients showing improvement in their symptoms; SD = standard deviation.