Design characteristics and performance of paper-based MFC sensorsa.
| Analyte | Type of paper | Anode | Inoculum | Cathode | Inoculation time | Power/μW cm−2 | R int/Ω | Concentration | IR/% | Tr /min | Recovery time | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cr(vi) | Filter paper 22 μm | 4 electrodes (CI) | WW | 4-layer PTFE/CC 0.5 Pt | <3 h | 3.5 | 547 | 10 mg L−1 | 0.27 | 120 | 49 | |
| 20 mg L−1 | 0.34 | 8 | 60–80 h | |||||||||
| Filter paper | CI | Anodic biofilm from another MFC | CI | 3 h | 1000 | 20 mg L−1 | 6-times V drop | 8 | 80 h | 86 | ||
| Ni(ii) | ||||||||||||
| Zn(ii) | Whatman 001 | Toray/CNT | P. putida KT2440 | Toray/CNT | 1 h | 4 | 100 k | 0–15 mg L−1 | 80 | 95 | ||
| NaCOCl | Filter paper | 4 electrode CI | WW | CC/C/Pt | <3 h | 0.35 | 547 | 200 mg L−1 | 0.325 | 120 | N/A | 49 |
| 100 mg L−1 | 0.22 | |||||||||||
| 50 mg L−1 | 0.27 | |||||||||||
| NaAc | 250 mg L−1 | |||||||||||
| Formaldehyde | Fabriano paper | CNF/G powder | Sludge | 8 days | 0.04 | 2200 | 0.10% | 100 | 165 | 85 | ||
| Formaldehyde | Filter paper | CI/PEDOT : PSS | Shewanella MR-1 | PEDOT : PSS/Ag2O | 0.5–3 h | 0.45 | — | 0.001 | 6.9 | 92 | ||
| Atrazine | Filter paper | SWCNT (7 layers)+Ti nanolayer | Synechoc. PCC | Pt wire | 48 h | 10 μM | 76 ± 7 | 44 | ||||
| Diuron | 0.5 μM | 91 ± 4 | ||||||||||
| Paraquat | 0.7 | 120 |
a
CI: carbon ink, CNF/G: carbon nanofibers/graphite, PEDOT : PSS: poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate, SWCNT: single wall carbon nanotubes, WW: wastewater, PTFE/CC: polytetrafluoroethylene/carbon cloth.