Summary of characteristics and analytes detected with sediment MFC sensorsa.
| Analyte | Sensing element | Substrate | Anode | Anode depth | Cathode | Cathode | Electrode distance | Inoculation/day | Concentration | Response time | Time/day | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DO | Cathode | 48.10% | GF | 5 cm | GF | Bulk | 20 cm | 10 | 0–9 mg L−1 | Instant | 67 | 73 |
| Cathode | LOI 11.6% | CP | 10–15 cm | GF 5 sheet | Bulk | 0–2 m | 5 | 0–13 mg L−1 | Instant | 142 | 68 | |
| COD | Both | Bulk | GF | 2 cm | GF | Air | 20 cm | 15 | 300 mg L−1 | 30 h | 60 | 29 |
| Both | Bulk | Bulk | 30 h | |||||||||
| Both | TOC 7.93 mg L−1 | Bulk | 25 h (peak) | |||||||||
| Both | SED | |||||||||||
| Acetate | Anode | Sand/silt | GC | 4,5,6 m | GC | Bulk | 6m | — | 0–5 mM | Real-time | 110–261 | 28 |
| SED | Anode | Lake sediment | GF | 0–5 cm | GF | Bulk | 0–20 cm | 20 | Depth sediment | Real-time | 60 | 96 |
| Cr(vi) | Cathode | Lake | CF | 19.5 cm approx. | CF | Bulk | 19 cm approx. | 18 | 0.2–0.7 mg L−1 | 18.31 ± 0.25 min | 37 | 36 |
| Cu(ii) | Cathode | Paddy soil | SS | Below surface | Pt | Bulk | 3 cm | 11 | 12.5–400 mg L−1 | 20 s | 240 | 37 |
a
DO: dissolved oxygen. COD: chemical oxygen demand, SED: sediment, TOC: total organic carbon, GF: graphite felt, CP: carbon paper, SS: stainless steel.