Table 1.

Studies on sleep deprivation and weight management.

Study Title/Doi	Authors	Year	Intervention Description	Duration	Study Design	N	Study Sample	Stated Primary Outcome(s)
Insufficient sleep undermines dietary efforts to reduce adiposity/doi:10.7326/0003-4819-153-7-201010050-00006 [32]	Nedeltcheva et al.	2010	Caloric restriction (90% of resting metabolic rate at the time of screening) with 8.5 or 5.5 h of night-time sleep opportunity	2 weeks	RCT	N = 10 3 women	Mean age 41 ± 5 years Mean BMI 27.4 kg/m²	Sleep curtailment decreased the proportion of weight lost as fat by 55% (1.4 vs. 0.6 kg with 8.5 vs. 5.5 h of sleep opportunity, respectively; /p = 0.043), and increased the loss of fat-free body mass by 60% (1.5 vs. 2.4 kg; p = 0.002) Accompanied by markers of enhanced neuroendocrine adaptation to caloric restriction, increased hunger, and a shift towards oxidation of less fat
Lifestyle intervention for sleep disturbances among overweight or obese individuals/doi:10.1080/15402002.2015.1007992 [41]	Nam et al.	2016	Weight loss diet program (600 kcal deficit/day) (D) or diet combined+ with supervised exercise training (D + E) (non-exercise days: 600 kcal deficit/day exercise days: ~energy expenditure from exercise 250 kcal–350 kcal recommended dietary deficit Exercise 3 non-consecutive days/per week	24 weeks	RCT	N = 77 60 Women	D: Mean age 56.37 ± 7.17 years Mean BMI 34.11 ± 4.49 kg/m² D+E: Mean age 53.26 ± 8.17years BMI 34.77 ± 5.02	At 6 months: both groups improved from baseline (p < 0.05 for all), groups did not differ in changes in body weight (p = 0.61), abdominal total fat (p = 0.92), and sleep disturbances (p = 0.16) Reduction in sleep disturbance score associated with reduction in BMI (p < 0.01), abdominal subcutaneous fat (p < 0.01), abdominal total fat (p < 0.01), and depressive symptoms (p < 0.05) Reduction in depressive symptoms associated with improvement in sleep disturbances (p < 0.05) and mental composite score on the SF-36 (p < 0.05) Adherence to exercise sessions associated with reduction in abdominal subcutaneous fat, BMI, and improved fitness (p < 0.05)
Relationship between sleep quality and quantity and weight loss in women participating in a weight-loss intervention trial/doi:10.1038/oby.2012.62 [43]	Thomson et al.	2012	Weight-loss program with energy reduced diet prescription, recommendations to increase physical activity and behavioral counseling	96 weeks	RCT	N = 245 women	Women of mean aged 45.5 ± 10.4 years Mean BMI 33.9 ± 3.3 kg/m²	87.4% demonstrated some weight loss (i.e., ≥1 kg) at 6 months 73.1% demonstrated some weight loss at 24 months Better subjective sleep quality increased by 33% the likelihood of weight-loss success (RR 0.67; 95% CI 0.52–0.86)
Behavioral mediators of reduced energy intake in a physical activity, diet, and sleep behavior weight loss intervention in adults/doi:10.1016/j.appet.2021.105273 [44]	Fenton et al.	2021	Move, eat, and sleep: a multiple-behavior-change weight loss intervention Three intervention groups (wait-list control, traditional, enhanced) Physical activity intervention: moderate vigorous intensity physical activity (150 min of moderate or 75 min of vigorous intensive physical activity per week) Dietary intervention: personalized daily energy intake target of 2000 kJ less than their estimated daily energy requirement Sleep intervention: information about the importance of overall sleep health (not just duration); guidance on sleep hygiene, cognitive and behavioral strategies to help in achieving adequate quantity, consistent timing, and improved quality of sleep	24 weeks–48 weeks	RCT	N = 116 70% female 81 (70%) completed the six-month assessment	Mean age 44.5 years Mean BMI 31.7 kg/m²	Significant decrease in energy intake, with the pooled intervention group consuming a mean of 1011 less kJ per day than the control group (p < 0.05) Significant association/s at six months between total daily EI and minutes per week of physical activity, EI from nutrient-dense foods, energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods, total fat, saturated fat, carbohydrate, protein, and alcohol intake: significant intervention effect on EI at six-months partially mediated by reduced fat intake and reduced consumption of energy dense, nutrient-poor foods
Sleep and health-related factors in overweight and obese rural women in a randomized controlled trial/doi:10.1007/s10865-015-9701-y [45]	Shade et al.	2016	The “Women Weigh-In for Wellness” trial was designed to promote healthy eating, physical activity, and weight loss	24 weeks	RCT	N = 221 women	Mean age 54.5 ± 7.0 years Mean BMI 34.6 ± 4.2 kg/m² Mean age 40.8 years Mean BMI 38.5 kg/m²	Self-reported association between sleep disturbance, pain interference and other variables Seep disturbance scores associated only with pain interference scores (p < 0.05) Pain interference score associated with higher weight (p < 0.05) and BMI (p < 0.05) and weak to moderately with older age, higher weight, waist circumference, and systolic, but not diastolic blood pressure Weak relationship between longer objectively measured percent sleep duration and weight loss
Influence of sleep restriction on weight loss outcomes associated with caloric restriction/doi:10.1093/sleep/zsy027 [46]	Wang et al.	2018	Caloric restriction (CR) * alone, or combined with sleep restriction (SR) (reduction in sleep by 90 min on 5 nights and sleep ad libitum on the other two nights each week) * Daily calorie intake to 95% of measured resting metabolic rate	8 weeks	RCT	CR: N = 15 12 Females CR+SR: N = 21 17 females	CR: age 45.0 ± 5.7 years and BMI 31.3 ± 3.3 kg/m² or weight 88.1 ± 8.8 Kg CR+ SR: age 45.3 ± 6.0 years and BMI 35.1 ± 5.1 kg/m² or weight 99.0 ± 10.9 Kg	No significant change in body weight, body composition, or resting metabolic variables (p > 0.16 for time × group interactions) Total mass lost as fat was significantly greater (p = 0.016) in the CR group Resting RQ reduced only in CR (p = 0.033) fasting leptin level reduced only in CR + SR (p = 0.029)
Acute changes in sleep duration on eating behaviors and appetite-regulating hormones in overweight/obese adults/doi:10.1080/15402002.2014.940105 [47]	Hart et al.	2015	Two nights of short (5 h) nights of long (9 h) time in bed sleeping	4 days	RCT	N = 12 women	Mean age 41.7 ± 10.3 years Mean BMI 31.0 ± 4.2 kg/m	Significant polysomnographic differences between conditions in total sleep time and sleep architecture (p < 0.001). %EI from protein at the buffet increased following short sleep No differences in total EI or measured hormones
Sleep and meal timing influence food intake and its hormonal regulation in healthy adults with overweight/obesity/doi:10.1038/s41430-018-0312-x [48]	St Onge et al.	2019	Controlled food intake and sleep program: normal (00.00-08.00 h) or late (03.30–11.30 h) sleep and meals normal (1, 5, 11, and 12.5 h after waking) or late (4.5, 8.5, 14.5, and 16 h after waking)	16 weeks	RCT Inpatient crossover study controlled, 2 × 2	N = 5	Mean age 25.1 ± 3.9 years Mean BMI 29.2 ± 2.7 kg/m²	significant sleep plus meal interaction on energy intake (p = 0.035) and a trend for fat and sodium intake (p < 0.10) Overnight ghrelin levels higher under normal sleep and meal conditions than late (p < 0.005) but lower when combined (p < 0.001) Overnight leptin levels higher under normal meal conditions (p = 0.012). Significant sleep plus meal interaction on ghrelin (p = 0.032) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (p = 0.041) levels, but not leptin (p = 0.83), in response to a test meal
Efficacy of a multi-component m-health diet, physical activity, and sleep intervention on dietary intake in adults with overweight and obesity: a randomized controlled trial/doi:10.3390/nu13072468 [49]	Fenton et al.	2021	Multi-component weight loss intervention targeting diet, physical activity The traditional intervention group targeted change in dietary and physical activity behaviors The enhanced intervention group targeted change in dietary behaviors, physical activity, and sleep health Increase in daily steps, moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity, and resistance training Emphasis on the importance of sleep duration and quality, with daily sleep hygiene practices	24–96 weeks	Randomized Controlled Trial randomly allocation (1:1 ratio)	N = 116 70% females	Mean age 44.5 years Mean BMI 31.7 kg/m²	At 12 months, the enhanced intervention group reported improved dietary intake relative to the traditional group: the enhanced group reported higher % EI from nutrient-dense foods and protein and lower % EI from fried/take away foods, baked sweet products, and packaged snacks Weight loss intervention reduced total energy and sodium intake’ with increased fruit intake at six months
Effect of sleep extension on objectively assessed energy intake among adults with overweight in real-life settings: a randomized clinical trial/doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.8098 [50]	Tasali et al.	2022	Sleep extension group: extend their bedtime to 8.5 h Control group: baseline-habitual sleep	4 weeks 4 weeks	RCT	N = 80 Control group women = 19 Sleep extension group women = 20	Mean age Control group 30.3 age Mean age sleep extension group 29.3 age Mean BMI in both groups 28.1 kg/m²	The intervention group reduced significantly their daily energy intake by approximately 270 kcal compared to the control group; no significant changes were measured in total energy expenditure

RCT: randomized controlled trial, RR: relative risk, CI: confidence interval, BMI: body mass index, RQ: respiratory quotient, EI: energy intake.