Figure 3.

Adjusted difference in BMI $z$-scores (95% CIs) per IQR increase in pregnancy average of individual phthalate metabolite biomarkers ($n=738$). Effect estimates were calculated using linear mixed-effects models adjusted for maternal age (y), race (White, Black, other), education level (high school or less/any technical school or college/graduate work), prepregnancy BMI (${\mathrm{kg}/\mathrm{m}}^2$), and study site (UCSF, UMN, URMC, UW). For the birth exam, weight-to-length ratio $z$-scores are presented instead of BMI $z$-scores. For models of MCOP and MCNP, $n=729$. No data was collected for females at 1 year of age. *, $p<0.05$ for overall association of phthalate metabolite on outcome based on likelihood ratio tests. Corresponding effect estimates are presented in Table S5. Note: BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; IQR, interquartile ratio; MBP, mono-$n$-butyl phthalate; MBzP, monobenzyl phthalate; MCNP, monocarboxy-isononyl phthalate; MCOP, monocarboxyoctyl phthalate; MCPP, mono(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate; MEP, mono-ethyl phthalate; MiBP, mono-isobutyl phthalate; $\mathrm{\Sigma }\text{DEHP}$, summed di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate; UCSF, University of California, San Francisco; UMN, University of Minnesota; URMC, University of Rochester Medical Center; UW, University of Washington.