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. 2022 Apr 10;11(8):1286. doi: 10.3390/cells11081286

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Biosynthesis of fatty acids (FA): (left) biosynthetic pathways of MUFA, starting from palmitic acid; (center) the omega-6 PUFA biosynthesis starting from linoleic acid; (right) the omega-3 PUFA biosynthesis starting from alpha-linolenic acid. Enzymes: ELO elongase; Δ5-, Δ6- and Δ9-desaturase; β-oxidase. Numerical abbreviations describing the position and geometry of the double bonds (e.g., 9c), as well as the notation of the carbon chain length and total number of unsaturation (e.g., C18:2); in parentheses are the acronyms used in this work (e.g., ARA for arachidonic acid).