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. 2022 Apr 7;11(8):2082. doi: 10.3390/jcm11082082

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Summary of tES effects. Panel (A) shows the tES effects across all reviewed studies based on non-symbolic and symbolic number processes and arithmetic processes. Panel (B) shows the comparisons between tDCS and tRNS effects across all studies addressing non-symbolic and symbolic number processes. Panel (C) shows the comparisons between tDCS and tRNS effects across all studies addressing arithmetic processes. The effects of HD-tDCS were included in the tDCS effects. The effects of tACS were also not considered since only one study was found. Legend: tES = transcranial electrical stimulation; tDCS = transcranial direct current stimulation, tRNS = transcranial random noise stimulation.