Table 2. Associations of measured height with cardiovascular risk factors and anthropometric traits in UKB and CKB.
| Baseline characteristic | UKB (n = 482,928) | CKB (n = 490,067) | Directional consistency† | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Effect (95% CI) per 1 SD taller measured height* | Z-statistic | p-Value | Effect (95% CI) per 1 SD taller measured height* | Z-statistic | p-Value | ||
| Diagnosed prior disease (OR) | |||||||
| Diabetes | 0.85 (0.84, 0.86) | −28.5 | <0.001 | 1.06 (1.04, 1.07) | 8.4 | <0.001 | −+ |
| Atrial fibrillation | 1.31 (1.28, 1.34) | 22.2 | <0.001 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Hypertension | 0.87 (0.87, 0.88) | −41.6 | <0.001 | 1.13 (1.12, 1.14) | 24.8 | <0.001 | −+ |
| Blood pressure (mm Hg) | |||||||
| Systolic blood pressure | −1.16 (−1.21, −1.11) | −46.4 | <0.001 | 0.32 (0.27, 0.38) | 11.7 | <0.001 | −+ |
| Diastolic blood pressure | −0.36 (−0.39, −0.33) | −25.3 | <0.001 | 0.44 (0.41, 0.47) | 28.5 | <0.001 | −+ |
| Blood lipids | |||||||
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | −0.017 (−0.019, −0.014) | −13.0 | <0.001 | 0.008 (−0.001, 0.018) | 1.7 | 0.10 | −+ |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 0.005 (0.004, 0.007) | 10.2 | <0.001 | −0.012 (−0.016, −0.008) | −5.8 | <0.001 | +− |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | −0.047 (−0.050, −0.044) | −31.7 | <0.001 | 0.049 (0.026, 0.071) | 4.3 | <0.001 | −+ |
| Apolipoprotein B (g/L) | −0.009 (−0.009, −0.008) | −24.6 | <0.001 | 0.003 (0.000, 0.006) | 2.3 | 0.02 | −+ |
| Lung function (SD units within sex) | |||||||
| FEV1, men | 0.370 (0.366, 0.374) | 173.7 | <0.001 | 0.281 (0.278, 0.284) | 168.7 | <0.001 | ++ |
| FEV1, women | 0.355 (0.352, 0.359) | 188.1 | <0.001 | 0.280 (0.277, 0.282) | 197.9 | <0.001 | ++ |
| FVC, men | 0.452 (0.448, 0.456) | 216.4 | <0.001 | 0.311 (0.308, 0.315) | 186.6 | <0.001 | ++ |
| FVC, women | 0.425 (0.421, 0.429) | 227.3 | <0.001 | 0.305 (0.302, 0.307) | 215.1 | <0.001 | ++ |
| Anthropometric measures (SD units within sex) | |||||||
| BMI, men | −0.056 (−0.060, −0.051) | −25.8 | <0.001 | 0.040 (0.036, 0.044) | 19.1 | <0.001 | −+ |
| BMI, women | −0.119 (−0.123, −0.115) | −61.9 | <0.001 | 0.002 (−0.002, 0.005) | 0.9 | 0.36 | −+ |
| Waist to hip, men | −0.048 (−0.052, −0.044) | −22.6 | <0.001 | 0.043 (0.039, 0.047) | 19.9 | <0.001 | −+ |
| Waist to hip, women | −0.075 (−0.079, −0.071) | −39.3 | <0.001 | 0.003 (−0.001, 0.006) | 1.5 | 0.13 | −+ |
| Weight, men | 0.410 (0.406, 0.414) | 208.9 | <0.001 | 0.436 (0.433, 0.440) | 253.2 | <0.001 | ++ |
| Weight, women | 0.274 (0.270, 0.277) | 146.9 | <0.001 | 0.407 (0.404, 0.410) | 263.7 | <0.001 | ++ |
| Lean body mass, men | 0.608 (0.605, 0.611) | 363.3 | <0.001 | 0.586 (0.583, 0.589) | 384.1 | <0.001 | ++ |
| Lean body mass, women | 0.470 (0.466, 0.473) | 276.8 | <0.001 | 0.650 (0.648, 0.652) | 555.4 | <0.001 | ++ |
In UKB, blood lipids measurements were available in 85% to 93% of participants, lung function in 71%, and anthropometric traits in ≥98% (S1 Fig). In CKB, blood lipids measurements were available in 4% of participants and lung function in 87% (S2 Fig).
*Effects are the ORs for prior disease or the difference in the characteristic per 1 SD taller measured height, adjusted for age (in 5-year groups), sex, year of birth, and region (in CKB only).
†Each pair of signs indicates the direction of the estimated effect for UKB (first sign) and CKB (second sign).
BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; CKB, China Kadoorie Biobank; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FVC, forced vital capacity; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; NA, not available; OR, odds ratio; SD, standard deviation; UKB, UK Biobank.