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. 2022 Apr 7;9(4):164. doi: 10.3390/bioengineering9040164

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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One-step lactide synthesis process (reprinted with permission [48], Copyright 2019 American Chemical Society): (1) lactic acid feed stream, (2) nitrogen stream, (3) lactic acid + N₂ mixed stream, (4) vaporized mixed stream, (5) reactor outlet, (6) crude lactide stream, (7) purified lactide, (8) unpurified stream, (9) vapor outlet of the F-1 flash drum, (10) gas outlet, (11) waste water, (12) N₂ gas recycling, (13) N₂ purged, (R-1) fixed-bed plug flown reactor filled with SiO₂/Al₂O₃, (H-1, F-1, F-2) heating duties, (C-1) distillation column.