Table 3.
Summary of studies related to glaucoma included.
| First Author | Years | Country | Study-Design | Sample Size | Main Finding | Rate # |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Einar Andreas Krefting [118] | 2013 | Norway | 1.Nested case-control; 2. randomized controlled intervention trial | 1. 87 low serum vitamin D3 group and 42 healthy controls (high serum vitamin D3 group 2. 39 vitamin D and 39 placebo |
Intraocular pressure in the 87 participants with low serum 25(OH)D levels (mean 40.1 ± 12.9 nm) did not differ from IOP in the 42 participants with high serum 25(OH)D levels (mean 85.1 ± 14.0 nm) (15.9 ± 3.3 mmHg versus 15.6 ± 3.1 mmHg, p = 0.56, independent t-test). No associations between serum 25(OH)D3 levels and IOP, and administration of vitamin D3 to participants with low levels of 25(OH)D3 did not affect IOP. | 9/9 * (RoB) |
| Tae Keun Yoo [107] | 2014 | South Korea | Cross-sectional | 290 POAG, 410 Glaucoma suspects and 5394 healthy controls | A reverse J-shaped association between 25(OH)D3 levels and the risk of OAG, with significantly elevated risk at lower 25(OH)D3. | 4a |
| Aurélien Goncalves [110] | 2015 | France | Case-control | 99 Severe POAG, 51 moderate POAG, and 164 healthy controls | Decreased serum 25OHD concentration was associated with POAG. There was no 25OHD difference between moderate and severe POAG. | 4a |
| Hyun Tae Kim [108] | 2016 | South Korea | Retrospective cross-sectional study | 1627 Glaucoma and 12,1704 healthy controls | In the multivariable-adjusted logistic analysis, the odds ratio of glaucoma in the fourth quintile was significantly lower than that of the first quintile in females (odds ratio, 0.713; 95% confidence interval, 0.520 to 0.979). Lower 25(OH)D level was significantly associated with an elevated risk of glaucoma in females compared with higher 25(OH)D level. | 4a |
| Yingjuan Lv [109] | 2016 | China | Hospital-based and case-control study | 71 POAG and healthy controls | The serum levels of 1 a, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 in age-matched controls was significantly higher than the levels in POAG patients. (p < 0.001). Vitamin D deficiency and the presence of the BsmI ‘B’ allele and the TaqI ‘t’ allele are relevant risk factors in the development of glaucoma. | 2a |
| Željka Vuković Arar [111] | 2016 | Croatia | Case-control | 20 POAG and 20 healthy controls | Serum vitamin D level was statistically significantly lower in glaucoma patients as compared with control group. No statistically significant difference in the IOP values between glaucoma patients and control subjects. | 2a |
| Radha Ayyagari [112] | 2019 | United States | Case-control | 357 POAG and 178 healthy controls | Patients with advanced glaucoma had lower serum levels of vitamin D compared with early glaucoma and normal subjects.The mean (95% confidence interval [C]) levels of vitamin D of the subjects in the control (8.02 ± 6.19 pg/mL) and early phenotype (7.56 ± 5.74 pg/mL) groups were significantly or marginally significantly different from the levels observed in subjects with the advanced phenotype (6.35 ± 4.76 pg/mL; p = 0.0117 and 0.0543, respectively). | 2a |
| Seyhan Dikci [115] | 2019 | Turkey | Prospective, cross-sectional study | 31 PEX glaucoma, 34 PEX syndrome and 43 healthy controls | No statistically significant difference between the PEX syndrome/glaucoma, and control group in terms of serum vitamin D levels, serum vitamin D levels were lower in PEX syndrome and glaucoma group than control group. | 3b |
| K.Atalay [114] | 2019 | Turkey | Prospective, cross-sectional study | 29 XFG, 77 POAG and 33 healthy control | Mean vitamin D levels show a significant difference between the control group and POAG (p = 0.015) | 3a |
| Yongwun Cho [119] | 2021 | South Korea | Case-control | 25 OAG and 90 health controls | Patients with OAG had significantly lower 25(OH)D concentrations in aqueous humor than control patients | 4a |
| Timur Ekiz [113] | 2016 | United States | Case-control | 23 PEX glaucoma and 46 healthy controls | Although patients with ocular pseudoexfoliation have low bone mineral density and 25(OH)D, bone mineral density and 25(OH)D do not appear to be linked to ocular pseudoexfoliation syndrome in our study population. | 2b |
| Tolga Kocaturk [120] | 2019 | Turkey | Cross-sectional | 120 subjects | The IOPg values were higher in cases of vitamin D deficiency. Corneal biomechanical differences in patients with lack of vitamin D were not statistically significant. | 3b |
* The Effective Practice and Organisation of Care (EPOC) RoB Tool for randomized trials; # LEGEND for case-control, cohort, and cross-sectional studies, rating of the studies follow the guidelines from LEGEND.