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. 2022 Mar 31;11(4):682. doi: 10.3390/antiox11040682

Figure 2.

Figure 2

PA activated the TLR-related genes expression and MAPK signaling pathway in macrophages. (A) The mRNA expression level of TLR-related genes after PA treatment. (B) Western blot analysis of MAPK signaling activation after PA treatment. The ratios of p-ERK to ERK, p-p38 to p38, p-JNK to JNK and p-IKK to IKK were determined. The data are presented as the means ± SEM (n = 6) and are analyzed using independent t-tests. * p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01 indicate significant differences compared with the control group.