Table 3.
Effects of cannabidiol (CBD) on lipopolysaccharide and phytohaemagglutinin-induced changes in various cytokines/chemokines.
| Variables z Scores |
Control a | CBD 0.1 µg/mL b | CBD 1 µg/mL c | CBD 10 µg/mL d | Wald ×2 (df = 3) |
p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IL-1β | −0.461(0.090) c,d | −0.429 (0.092) c,d | −0.230 (0.096) a,b,d | 1.144 (0.123) a,b,c | 425.40 | <0.001 |
| IL−1RA | 0.018 (0.090) c,d | 0.005 (0.089) d | −0.007 (0.090) a,d | −0.230 (0.092) a,b,c | 168.27 | <0.001 |
| IL-2 | −0.109 (0.124) c | −0.105 (0.136) c | 0.103 (0.134) a,b | −0.018 (0.130) | 29.23 | <0.001 |
| IL-4 | −0.272 (0.125) c,d | −0.227 (0.142) c,d | −0.096 (0.137) a,b,d | 0.551 (0.137) a,b,c | 61.81 | <0.001 |
| IL-6 | 0.167 (0.130) d | 0.152 (0.140) d | 0.124 (0.125) d | −0.484 (0.118) a,b,c | 105.82 | <0.001 |
| CXCL8 | 0.091 (0.127) c,d | 0.091 (0.142) d | −0.007 (0.108) a,d | −0.383 (0.021) a,b,c | 21.10 | <0.001 |
| IL-9 | −0.026 (0.116) c,d | −0.038 (0.114) c,d | −0.072 (0.109) a,b,d | −0.137 (0.107) a,b,c | 49.68 | <0.001 |
| IL-10 | 0.433 (0.139) c,d | 0.384 (0.132) c,d | 0.119 (0.114) a,b,d | −0.992 (0.022) a,b,c | 138.95 | <0.001 |
| IL-13 | 0.266 (0.143) c,d | 0.246 (0.121) d | 0.043 (0.133) a,d | −0.609 (0.079) a,b,c | 56.32 | <0.001 |
| IL-15 | −0.133 (0.095) c,d | −0.133 (0.099) c,d | −0.093 (0.098) a,b,d | 0.056 (0.096) a,b,c | 125.91 | <0.001 |
| IL−17 | −0.140 (0.106) d | −0.175 (0.108) c,d | −0.107 (0.110) b,d | 0.146 (0.127) a,b,c | 36.24 | <0.001 |
| CCL11 | 0.127 (0.127) c,d | 0.079 (0.135) d | 0.023 (0.135) a,d | −0.132 (0.110) a,b,c | 17.00 | <0.001 |
| FGF | −0.179 (0.107) c,d | −0.177 (0.105) c,d | −0.121 (0.106) a,b,d | 0.208 (0.101) a,b,c | 143.85 | <0.001 |
| G-CSF | 0.046 (0.111) d | 0.053 (0.114) d | 0.034 (0.115) d | −0.148 (0.100) a,b,c | 29.09 | <0.001 |
| GM-CSF | −0.168 (0.137) c,d | −0.133 (0.121) d | −0.031 (0.122) a,d | 0.422 (0.132) a,b,c | 31.88 | <0.001 |
| IFN-γ | 0.277 (0.123) c,d | 0.251 (0.126) c,d | 0.196 (0.126) a,b,d | −0.895 (0.071) a,b,c | 166.03 | <0.001 |
| CXCL10 | −0.030 (0.089) c,d | −0.034 (0.090) c,d | 0.009 (0.089) a,b,d | −0.183 (0.117) a,b,c | 36.70 | <0.001 |
| CCL2 | 0.399 (0.147) c,d | 0.355 (0.143) c,d | 0.139 (0.140) a,b,d | −0.819 (0.060) a,b,c | 159.52 | <0.001 |
| CCL3 | 0.079 (0.109) d | 0.079 (0.109) d | 0.077 (0.109) d | 0.054 (0.112) a,b,c | 35.39 | <0.001 |
| PDGF | −0.034 (0.030) d | −0.036 (0.026) d | −0.037 (0.09) d | 0.098 (0.043) a,b,c | 14.77 | 0.002 |
| CCL4 | 0.168 (0.128) c,d | 0.147 (0.127) d | 0.120 (0.123) a,d | −0.316 (0.117) a,b,c | 231.01 | <0.001 |
| CCL5 | 0.041 (0.094) c,d | 0.023 (0.096) c,d | −0.038 (0.096) a,b,d | −0.174 (0.083) a,b,c | 64.97 | <0.001 |
| TNF-α | −0.048 (0.091) c,d | −0.041 (0.097) c,d | −0.005 (0.099) a,b,d | 0.070 (0.091) a,b,c | 13.30 | 0.004 |
| VEGF | −0.124 (0.099) c,d | −0.111 (0.101) c,d | −0.084 (0.099) a,b,d | 0.042 (0.103) a,b,c | 138.92 | <0.001 |
Results of GEE analyses with cytokines/chemokines as dependent variables and time, group (depression versus controls), and time by group interactions as explanatory variables. Shown are the time effects (Wald) with a,b,c,d, indicating pairwise comparisons among the treatment conditions. All data are shown as estimated marginal means (mean ± SE). See ESF Table 2 for explanation of the profiles and cytokines measured in this study.