Table 2.
Chemical composition of Matricaria chamomilla essential oils and extracts.
| Country/Source | Part Used | Compounds Groups | Main Compounds | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Essential oils | ||||
| Morocco | Aerial parts | Terpenoids Coumarin |
Chamazulene (26.11%), cis-β-farnesene (11.64%), eucalyptol (8.19%), trans-caryophyllene (5.95%), galaxolide (5.31%) Coumarin (6.01%) |
[87] |
| Egypt | Flower | Terpenoids | α-Bisabolol oxide A (33–50.5%), cis-tonghaosu (10–18.7%), α-bisabolol oxide B (8.2–15.4%), α-bisabolone oxide A (5.4–14.6%), chamazulene (1.9–5.2%) | [13] |
| Flower | Terpenoids | Cis-β-Farnesene (27%), D-limonene (15.25%), α-bisabolol oxide A (14.9%) | [88] | |
| Turkey | Flower | Terpenoids | α-Bisabolol (27.36–38.6%), β-farnesene (25.05–30.15%), chamazulene (13.5–13.93%), Germancrene D (4.35–6.11%) | [89] |
| Iran | Flower | Terpenoids | α-Bisabolol oxide A (29.7–33.7%), chamazulene (18.76–20%), α-bisabolol oxide B (8.881–14.8%), α-bisabolone oxide A (6.64–8.3%), α-bisabolol (0.91–2.01%) | [93] |
| Flower | Terpenoids | α-Bisabolol oxide A (37.2–44.5%), α-bisabolone oxide A (11.7–16.5%), trans-β-farnesene (13.3–15.4%), menthol (0–13%), cis-spiroether (5.6–9.9%), α-bisabolol oxide B (3–7.1%) | [15] | |
| Flower | Terpenoids | Bisabolol oxide A (7.31–51.31%), bisabolone oxide (8.35–39.97%), bisabolol oxide B (3.18–35.7%), trans-β-farnesene (2.05–19.68%), spathulenol (0–9.46%) | [11] | |
| Aerial part | Terpenoids | α-Bisabolol (17.51%), cis-trans-farnesol (8.72%), β-bisabolene (8.37%), trans-β-farnesene (5.48%), guaiazulene (4.36%), α-pinene (3.68%), limonene (3.24%) | [96] | |
| Flower | Terpenoids | Chamazulene (31.2%), 1,8-cineole (15.2%), β-pinene (10.1%), α-pinene (8.14%), α-bisabolol (7.45%), terpinen-4-ol (4.11%) |
[95] | |
| Aerial part | Terpenoids | Cis-pinocamphone (not detected–73.54%) α-bisabolol oxide A (7.97–62.16%), chamazulene (1.67–15.08%), trans-β-farnesene (1.24–12.87%) | [14] | |
| Flower | Terpenoids | α-Bisabolone oxide A (45.64–65.41%), trans-γ-bisabolene (not detected—42.76%), cis-γ-bisabolene (not detected—40.08%), α-bisabolol oxide B (not detected—21.88%), chamazulene (not detected—19.22%) | [10] | |
| Flower | Terpenoids |
Trans-β-farnesene (24.19%), guaiazulene (10.57%), α-bisabolol oxide A (10.21%), α-farnesene (8.7%), α-bisabolol (7.27%) |
[94] | |
| Flower | Terpenoids | α-Bisabolone oxide A (11.9–63.5%), α-bisabolol oxide A (10.6–37.9%), α-bisabolol oxide B (2.4–23.9%) | [12] | |
| Hungary | Flower | Terpenoids | α-Bisabolol oxide A (40.7%), chamazulene (14.3%), α-bisabolone oxide A (12.8%), α-bisabolol oxide B (8.7%) |
[12] |
| Germany | Flower | Terpenoids | α-Bisabolol oxide A (39.1%), α-bisabolone oxide A (17.4%), α-bisabolol oxide B (17.1%), cis-Enyne-dicycloether (10.3%) | [12] |
| Flower | Terpenoids | Bisabolol oxide A (54.1%), cis-enyne-dicycloether (19%), bisabolol oxide B (6.7%), bisabolone oxide A (4.5%) | [9] | |
| Estonia | Flower | Terpenoids | Bisabolol oxide A (27.5–47.9%), bisabolone oxide A (1.6–17.1%), cis-enyne-dicycloether (11.7–14.9%), bisabolol oxide B (9.9–12.3%) | [9] |
| Greece | Flower | Terpenoids | Bisabolol oxide A (41.9%), cis-enyne-dicycloether (11.4%), bisabolol oxide B (6.4%) | [9] |
| Scotland | Flower | Terpenoids | Bisabolol oxide A (55.6%), cis-enyne-dicycloether (14%), bisabolol oxide B (8%), bisabolone oxide A (7.6%) | [9] |
| England | Flower | Terpenoids | Bisabolol oxide A (56%), cis-enyne-dicycloether (13.3%), bisabolol oxide B (7.1%), bisabolone oxide A (4.3%) | [9] |
| Latvia | Flower | Terpenoids | Bisabolol oxide A (51.9%), cis-enyne-dicycloether (13%), bisabolol oxide B (7.5%), trans-β-farnesene (5.3%) | [9] |
| Moldova | Flower | Terpenoids | α-Bisabolol (44.2%), cis-enyne-dicycloether (13.2%), bisabolone oxide A (12.4%), bisabolol oxide A (9.3%), bisabolol oxide B (6.6%) | [9] |
| Russia | Flower | Terpenoids | α-Bisabolol (23.9%), bisabolol oxide A (16.4%), cis-enyne-dicycloether (14.4%), bisabolol oxide B (10.5%), trans-Nerolidol (7.4%) | [9] |
| Czech | Flower | Terpenoids | α-Bisabolol (37%), cis-enyne-dicycloether (26.1%), chamazulene (9.8%), trans-β-farnesene (4.5%) | [9] |
| Armenia | Flower | Terpenoids | Bisabolol oxide B (27.2%), chamazulene (15.3%), bisabolol oxide A (12.6%), cis-enyne-dicycloether (12.6%), bisabolone oxide A (11.2%) | [9] |
| Ukraine | Flower | Terpenoids | Bisabolone oxide A (24.8%), α-bisabolol (17.1%), bisabolol oxide A (12.3%), bisabolol oxide B (11%), cis-enyne-dicycloether (8.8%) | [9] |
| Romania | Flower | Terpenoids | Bisabolol oxide A (70.2%), β-farnesene (6.47%), α-bisabolol oxide B (6.21%), cis-lanceol (5.071%) | [90] |
| Brazil | Flower | Terpenoids | α-Bisabolol oxide B (26.08%), β-farnesene (16.35%), bisabolol oxide A (14.7%), α-bisabolol (7.91%) | [91] |
| Italy | Aerial parts | Terpenoids | Cis-tonghaosu (11.8–45.9%), α-bisabolol oxide B (3.7–28.1%), α-bisabolol oxide A (2.7–19%), spathulenol (3.6–12.8%) | [92] |
| Australia | Flower | Terpenoids | Bisabolol oxide B (27.5%), bisabolol oxide A (27%), α-bisabolol (6.6%), cis-spiroether (6.1%), farnesene (4.5%), chamazulene (3.5%), trans-spiroether (0.6%) | [99] |
| USA | Commercial | Terpenoids | Trans-β-Farnesene (42.59%), bisabolol oxide A (21.2%), (E,E)-α-farnesene (8.32%), α-bisabolone oxide A (4.53%), α-bisabolol oxide B (4.43%), germacrene D (2.93%) | [100] |
| Extracts | ||||
| Egypt | Flower and roots Powder |
Flavonoids Phenolic acids |
Luteolin O-acylhexoside (2801.99 ppm), quercetin (1765.01 ppm) Ellagic acid (1582.81 ppm), catechol (1104.49 ppm), chlorogenic acid (937.48 ppm) |
[102] |
| Flower Aqueous |
Flavonoids Phenolic acids |
Myricetin (1587.82 ppm), quercetin (927.72 ppm), naringenin (400.99 ppm) Benzoic acid (414.88 ppm), rosmarinic acid (370.59 ppm) |
[53] | |
| Slovakia | Leaf rosettes Methanol | Phenolic acids | Ferulic acid (196.8–512.5 μg/g), caffeic acid (66.8–106.1 μg/g), vanillic acid (45.6–71.1 μg/g), chlorogenic acid (12.6–26.2 μg/g), p-coumaric acid (14.4–26.1 μg/g) | [18] |
| Flower or leaves Methanol |
Coumarin | E-GMCA (9.82–17.8 mg/g), Z-GMCA (5.84–16.1 mg/g), herniarin (0.41–2.06 mg/g), daphnin (0.142–0.257 mg/g), skimmin (0.13–0.23 mg/g), umbelliferone (0.02–0.06 mg/g), daphnetin (trace-0.02 mg/g) | [103] | |
| Leaves Methanol |
Coumarin Phenolic acids | E-GMCA (6.86–9.62 mg/g), Z-GMCA (1.22–6.6 mg/g) Vanillic acid (29.27–62.46 µg/g), caffeic acid (7.44–14.14 µg/g) |
[17] | |
| Iran | Flower Methanol |
Flavonoids | Luteolin (2.2 mg/g), apigenin (1.19 mg/g) | [10] |
| Not specified Ethanol |
Alkane | n-Heptacosane (33.53%), 2,6,10,14,18,22-tetracosahexaene (16.71%), 1,2,2-trimethylcyclopropylamine (13.76%), 7-methoxy-2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydro (6.13%), 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid (5.99%), Phenol, 4-(2-aminoethyl) (5.26%), hex-5-enylamine (4.48), 3-fluorophenethylamine (0.2%) | [104] | |
| Pakistan | Not specified Aqueous | Amino acids | l-Proline (185 mg/mL), l-asparagine (97 mg/mL), aminobutyric acid (52 mg/mL), l-aspartic acid (45 mg/mL), l-alanine (43 mg/mL), l-glutamic acid (42 mg/mL) | [16] |
| China | Roots, stems, Leaves 70% aqueous methanol |
Caffeoylquinic acids | Isochlorogenic acid A (0.1–5.15 mg/g), chlorogenic acid (0.03–4.08 mg/g), isochlorogenic acid C (0.06–3.17 mg/g), isochlorogenic acid B (0.03–2.45 mg/g), neochlorogenic acid (0.02–1.68 mg/g), cryptochlorogenic acid (0.005–0.33 mg/g) | [105] |
| Flower Aqueous | Amino acids | Proline (4.24 mg/g), alanine (3.79 mg/g), isoleucine + leucine (2.59 mg/g), arginine + threonine (2.53 mg/g) | [106] | |