. 2022 Mar 25;12(4):479. doi: 10.3390/life12040479

Table 3.

Studies/investigations on antioxidant activity of M. chamomilla essential oils, extracts, and other.

Part Used	Main Component	Experimental Method	Key Results	References
Essential oils
Leaves	Not specified	DPPH β-carotene-linoleic acid assay	IC₅₀ = 4.18 µg/mL Relative antioxidant activity = 12.69%	[111]
Leaves and flowers	Enyne-dicycloether (36.13–47.6%) Bisabolol oxide A (47.1%) β-Farnesene (30.2–37.62%)	ABTS	TEAC = 13.81–27.56 μmol TE/mL	[109]
Flower	α-Bisabolone oxide A (35.74%)	DPPH Ferrous ion chelating ability β-carotene bleaching	IC₅₀ = 793.89 µg/mL IC₅₀ = 1448.68 µg/mL 34.21%	[108]
Flower	Trans-β-Farnesene (29.8%)	DPPH	EC₅₀ = 2.07 mg/mL	[107]
Aerial parts	Cis-tonghaosu (11.8–45.9%) α-Bisabolol oxide B (3.7–28.1%)	DPPH FRAP	TEAC = ~30–273.5 μmol TE/100 g DW TEAC = ~35–657.1 µmol TE/100 g DW	[92]
Extracts
Aerial parts Methanol	Phenol content (~390–2689.2 mg GAE/100 g)	DPPH FRAP	TEAC = ~260–881.1 µmol TE/100 g DW TEAC = 137.2–1200.3 µmol TE/100 g DW	[92]
Flower Ethyl acetate Na phosphate buffer Leaf Ethyl acetate Na phosphate buffer Stem Ethyl acetate Na phosphate buffer Root Ethyl acetate Na phosphate buffer	Phenol content 11.29 mg GAE/g DW 21.78 mg GAE/g DW 9.21 mg GAE/g DW 10.56 mg GAE/g DW 8.13 mg GAE/g DW 13.45 mg GAE/g DW 4.16 mg GAE/g DW 4.41 mg GAE/g DW	ABTS	LAA = 3.51 mg TE/g DW HAA = 17.57 mg TE/g DW LAA = 1.47 mg TE/g DW HAA = 9.28 mg TE/g DW LAA = 1.49 mg TE/g DW HAA = 12.27 mg TE/g DW LAA = 1.48 mg TE/g DW HAA = 18.02 mg TE/g DW	[110]
Roots Methanol Ethanol	Not specified	DPPH	IC₅₀ = 82.8% IC₅₀ = 37.67%	[114]
Flower 70% ethanol Water	Phenol content (117.31–151.45 mg CAE/mL)	DPPH Reducing power	IC₅₀ = 0.0211–0.0606 mg/mL EC₅₀ = 0.578–0.922 mg/mL	[118]
Flower Water	Apigenin (231–1501 mg/kg) Luteolin-7-O-glucoside (166–1101 mg/kg)	ABTS DPPH Hydroxyl radical scavenging Lipid peroxidation inhibition	IC₅₀ = 7.3–16.8 µg/mL IC₅₀ = 10–45 µg/mL IC₅₀ = 38.1–43.1 µg/mL IC₅₀ = 28.7–35 µg/mL	[118]
Plant material Water	Not specified	DPPH	41.3–49.5%	[121]
Flowering plant Ethanol	Phenol content (284.6 ± 16 mg GAE/g DW)	DPPH	IC₅₀ = 56.4 µg/mL	[49]
Flower Methanol Ethanol Diethyl ether Hexane	Phenol content (3.7 mg GAE/g DW) (3.5 mg GAE/g DW) (3.3 mg GAE/g DW) (2.4 mg GAE/g DW)	DPPH	EC₅₀ = 0.0022 µmol EC₅₀ = 0.0026 µmol EC₅₀ = 0.0039 µmol EC₅₀ = 0.0041 µmol	[116]
Aerial parts Ethanol (70%)	Phenol content (78.4 mg GAE/g DW)	DPPH	IC₅₀ = 50 µg/mL	[116]
Leaves Methanol	Not specified	DPPH	IC₅₀ = 65.8 μg/mL	[112]
Whole herb Stem Flower Methanol	Phenol content Whole herb (37.1 mg/kg DW) Stem (23.6 mg/kg DW) Flower (31.9 mg/kg DW)	DPPH	Whole herb: IC₅₀ ~2.5 μg/mL Stem: IC₅₀ ~2.4 μg/mL Flower: IC₅₀ ~2.35 μg/mL	[113]
		Linoleic acid emulsion (30 h)	Whole herb: 63% Stem: 69% Flower: 60%
		FRAP	Whole herb: absorbance ~1.8 Stem: absorbance ~0.88 Flower: absorbance ~0.9
		Ferrous ions (Fe²⁺) chelating capacity	Whole herb: 73% Stem: 67% Flower: 85%
		Superoxide radical scavenging activity	Whole herb: IC₅₀ = 2.1 μg/mL Stem: IC₅₀ = 2.8 μg/mL Flower: IC₅₀ = 2.2 μg/mL
Leaves Methanol	Not specified	DPPH β-carotene-linoleic acid assay	IC₅₀ = 1.83 µg/mL Relative antioxidant activity = 11.37%	[111]
Flower Ethanol 50%	Umbelliferone content (11.80 mg/100 g) Herniarin content (82.79 mg/100 g)	DPPH	45.4–61.5%	[20]
Flowering parts Water	Phenol content (0.041- 0.165 mg GAE/mL)	DPPH	Inhibition = 2.53–4.62 µg TE/mL	[119]
Inflorescences Ethanol (74.7%)	Flavonoid content (4.11%)	DPPH	IC₅₀ = 18.19 µg/mL	[120]
Flower Methanol (80%)	Phenol content (656.1 mg GAE/g FR)	DPPH FRAP	IC₅₀ = 84.2 μg/mL IC₅₀ = 13 mmol Fe⁺²/100 g	[46]
Flower Water	Phenol content (0.207 mg GAE/g)	Lipid peroxidation inhibition	Inhibition = 44.15%	[122]
Inflorescence Not specified	Flavonoid content (66.2–35.6 mg/g)	Lipid peroxidation inhibition	Inhibition = 10–100%	[123]
Whole Plant Ethanol 80%	Not specified	Superoxide dismutase Malondialdehyde	~2.2–3.1 U/mL plasma ~112–126 μmol	[125]
Flower and root Powder	Luteolin O-acylhexoside (2801.99 ppm)	Lipid peroxidation inhibition Catalase Acetylcholine esterase Glutathione	291.35–301.67 nmol 63.14–68.33 nmol 4.65–5.46 nmol 11.2–13.2 mg/g	[102]
Other
Cell suspension culture	Phenol content (5.54–9.51 mg GAE/g DW)	DPPH Peroxidase Superoxide dismutase Ascorbate peroxidase	Inhibition = 55.1–76.72% ~2.75–3.75 unite/mg protein ~0.27–0.43 unite/mg protein ~2000–5000 unite/mg protein	[124]
Cell suspension culture	Total soluble sugar (63.71–96.04 mg/g FW)	Peroxidase Superoxide dismutase Catalase	~4.5–8 unite/mg FW ~0.5–0.75 unite/mg FW ~0.002–0.008 unite/mg FW	[19]